Egyptian Board Pediatrics flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mid-parental height

Boys: (father's height + mother's height + 13 cm)/2. Girls: (father's height + mother's height − 13 cm)/2. Target range is ±8.5 cm; a height outside this range suggests pathologic short stature.

Language milestone red flags

No babbling by 9 months, no single words by 16 months, no two-word phrases by 24 months, or loss of skills at any age warrants audiology testing and developmental evaluation.

Apgar score components

Scored at 1 and 5 minutes on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, each 0–2. It guides resuscitation and response but does not define asphyxia or predict long-term outcome alone.

Neonatal resuscitation compression ratio

For newborns, chest compressions are delivered at a 3:1 compression-to-ventilation ratio when heart rate stays below 60/min despite effective positive pressure ventilation with supplemental oxygen.

Kawasaki disease treatment

Fever for at least 5 days plus four of five clinical features. Give intravenous immunoglobulin 2 g/kg as a single infusion with aspirin, and assess coronary arteries by echocardiography.

Pertussis classic features

Paroxysmal cough with inspiratory whoop and post-tussive vomiting, often with lymphocytosis. Azithromycin treats the infection and erases transmission; acellular vaccine immunity wanes over time.

Croup management

Barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor in a young child. Give a single dose of dexamethasone; add nebulized epinephrine for moderate to severe stridor or retractions.

Anaphylaxis first-line drug

Epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly, maximum 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh; repeat every 5–15 minutes. Antihistamines and steroids are adjuncts and never replace epinephrine.

Tetralogy of Fallot spell

Hypercyanotic spell with decreased pulmonary blood flow. Place knee-chest, give oxygen, morphine, intravenous fluids, and a beta-blocker; prostaglandin may be needed in duct-dependent neonates.

Ventricular septal defect murmur

A holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border. Small defects may close spontaneously; large defects cause failure to thrive, tachypnea, and pulmonary hypertension requiring closure.

Oral rehydration solution

Low-osmolarity solution (245 mOsm/L) given 50 mL/kg over 4 hours for mild dehydration and 100 mL/kg over 4 hours for moderate dehydration, with continued breastfeeding.

Pyloric stenosis findings

Nonbilious projectile vomiting at 3–6 weeks with hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Ultrasound shows pyloric thickness of at least 3 mm and length of at least 15 mm.

Nephrotic syndrome criteria

Edema with heavy proteinuria (urine protein/creatinine ratio above 2), albumin below 2.5 g/dL, and hyperlipidemia. Minimal change disease is commonest; treat with prednisolone.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Microangiopathic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury after Shiga toxin-producing E. coli diarrhea. Avoid antibiotics and antimotility drugs; treatment is supportive, often with dialysis.

Congenital hypothyroidism treatment

Newborn screening shows elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone and low free T4. Start levothyroxine 10–15 mcg/kg/day within 2 weeks of life to prevent irreversible intellectual disability.

Diabetic ketoacidosis potassium rule

Total body potassium is depleted despite normal serum values. Insulin shifts potassium into cells, so replace potassium once serum level is at least 3.5 mEq/L to avoid arrhythmia.

Iron deficiency anemia treatment

Give oral ferrous sulfate 3–6 mg/kg/day of elemental iron. Reticulocytosis appears within 1–2 weeks; continue iron for 3 months after hemoglobin normalizes to replenish stores.

Acute chest syndrome

Fever, chest pain, hypoxia, and a new pulmonary infiltrate in sickle cell disease. Treat with oxygen, antibiotics, incentive spirometry, and transfusion for severe cases; it is a leading cause of death.

Simple febrile seizure

Age 6 months to 5 years, generalized, lasting under 15 minutes, occurring once in 24 hours, without central nervous system infection. Routine EEG and imaging are not indicated.

Infantile spasms treatment

Clusters of flexor or extensor spasms with hypsarrhythmia on EEG. Treat with adrenocorticotropic hormone or vigabatrin, especially when associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Pediatric compression-to-ventilation ratio

For children, use 30:2 with one rescuer and 15:2 with two rescuers, at a rate of 100–120/min and a depth of one-third of the chest diameter.

Paracetamol overdose antidote

N-acetylcysteine. Assess with the Rumack-Matthew nomogram at 4 hours after ingestion; treat when the level is above the treatment line or liver injury is present.

Lead chelation threshold

Blood lead level of 45 mcg/dL or higher needs chelation. Levels of 5 mcg/dL or higher need source removal, follow-up testing, and an iron-sufficient diet.

Adolescent confidentiality limits

Contraception and sexually transmitted infection care may be confidential under local law, but confidentiality yields when there is risk of harm, abuse, or a reportable condition.

Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

Late-onset bleeding occurs at 2–12 weeks in exclusively breastfed infants without prophylaxis. Prevent with intramuscular vitamin K 1 mg at birth for all newborns.

Failure to thrive definition

Weight below the 5th percentile or crossing two or more major percentile lines. Evaluate intake, absorption, and losses; hospitalize for severe malnutrition or suspected abuse.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency causes virilization in females and salt-wasting crisis with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Treat with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone; monitor 17-hydroxyprogesterone.

Turner syndrome features

Short stature, webbed neck, coarctation of the aorta, and streak ovaries. Karyotype is diagnostic; treat with growth hormone and estrogen replacement, and monitor thyroid and cardiac status.

Immune thrombocytopenia management

Isolated thrombocytopenia with petechiae in a well child. Treat only for significant bleeding; intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids for severe cases; intracranial hemorrhage is rare.

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Ascending symmetric weakness with areflexia and albuminocytologic dissociation in cerebrospinal fluid. Treat with intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange; monitor respiratory function.

Organophosphate poisoning

Cholinergic crisis with salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, bradycardia, bronchorrhea, and miosis. Treat with atropine and pralidoxime after decontamination.

Newborn screening timing

Heel-prick blood spot at 24–72 hours of life, repeated after transfusion. It covers congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, hemoglobinopathies, and hearing screening.