Vehicle Knowledge and Basic Maintenance
Core concepts
A safe driver understands the systems that keep a vehicle controllable and knows the daily and weekly checks that prevent breakdowns. Learn the functions of: engine oil (lubrication), coolant (temperature control), brake fluid (hydraulic braking), battery (starting and electrical supply), tires (grip, pressure, tread depth), lights and reflectors (visibility and signaling), and the exhaust system.
Know the warning signs: a red oil-pressure or temperature light means stop safely and investigate; a brake warning light means check the handbrake and fluid before driving. Tire tread must be adequate and pressures correct - under-inflation causes heat, poor handling, and blowouts. Check tires when cold. Test brakes, lights, horn, wipers, and mirrors before a journey. Know how to change a wheel safely and where the jack and spare are kept.
Traps in questions
- Warning-light trap: red means stop now; amber means check soon. Questions often swap these.
- Tire-pressure trap: check when tires are cold; hot tires give falsely high readings.
- Coolant trap: never open a hot radiator cap - scalding risk.
- Fluid trap: brake fluid loss means a fault; do not simply top up and continue without checking.
Worked example
A red oil-can light appears while driving. Correct response: pull over safely as soon as possible, switch off the engine, and check the oil level. Continuing to drive risks destroying the engine. If the level is correct and the light stays on, the vehicle needs professional attention - do not keep driving.
Rule of thumb: red warning light = stop safely; amber = investigate soon.