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PAU Latin II (Canary Islands) study materials
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PAU Latin II (Canary Islands) practice questions

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Question 1Latin morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular ending of the first Latin declension?

  1. -ae Correct answer.
  2. -i
  3. -is
  4. -us

Explanation

In the first Latin declension (a-stems), the genitive singular ending is '-ae' (for example, puella, puellae). This ending is the characteristic desinence that identifies this declension in dictionaries.

Question 2Latin morphology and syntax

What ending do the nominative, vocative, and accusative plural cases share for second-declension neuter nouns?

  1. -os
  2. -a Correct answer.
  3. -is
  4. -um

Explanation

In Latin grammar, all neuter nouns and adjectives (of any declension) show identical forms in the nominative, vocative, and accusative, and in the plural they always end in '-a' (for example, templum -> templa).

Question 3Latin morphology and syntax

In parisyllabic nouns of the third Latin declension (i-stems), what is the usual ablative singular ending for two-termination adjectives?

  1. -ibus
  2. -is
  3. -e
  4. -i Correct answer.

Explanation

Third-declension adjectives (i-stems) form the ablative singular in '-i' (for example, omnis -> omni, fortis -> forti), unlike consonant-stem nouns, which form it in '-e'.

Question 4Latin morphology and syntax

What is the correct headword form and genitive singular of the fourth-declension noun 'manus'?

  1. manus, manui
  2. manus, manus Correct answer.
  3. manus, manis
  4. manus, manorum

Explanation

Fourth-declension nouns (u-stems) are cited with the nominative in '-us' and the genitive singular in '-us' (manus, manus). Note that 'manus' is feminine in gender despite ending in '-us'.

Question 5Latin morphology and syntax

To which declension does the noun 'dies, diei' (day) belong?

  1. Fifth declension Correct answer.
  2. Third declension
  3. Second declension
  4. Fourth declension

Explanation

The noun 'dies, diei' belongs to the fifth Latin declension (e-stems), characterized by the nominative singular in '-es' and the genitive singular in '-ei'. It is one of the few fully masculine/feminine nouns of this declension.

Question 6Latin reading and translation

When first approaching a long Latin sentence in an unseen translation, what is the recommended first analytical step?

  1. Translate the words in their printed order, resolving difficulties as they arise
  2. Look up every unknown word in the dictionary before reading the sentence
  3. Identify the finite verb(s) and map the clause structure (main clause, subordinate clauses, participial constructions) Correct answer.
  4. Rewrite the sentence in German word order before determining any forms

Explanation

Sound method starts with structure: find the finite verb, assign subject and objects, then locate subordinate clauses, AcI constructions, participles, and ablative absolutes. Only with the skeleton clear can forms be determined reliably - LehrplanPLUS explicitly trains the analysis of complex periods with self-chosen methods such as graphical layouts.

Question 7Latin reading and translation

What is generally the best way to render an ablative absolute such as "pace facta" into adequate German?

  1. Word for word: "dem Frieden gemacht"
  2. As a German subordinate clause matching the context: "nachdem der Frieden geschlossen worden war" Correct answer.
  3. Omit it, since German has no ablative
  4. Always as a relative clause: "der Frieden, der gemacht wurde"

Explanation

German has no ablative absolute, so the construction is usually unpacked into a subordinate clause whose conjunction reflects the context - temporal (nachdem/als), causal (weil/da), or concessive (obwohl). Pace facta most naturally becomes "nachdem der Frieden geschlossen worden war". A nominal rendering with a preposition can occasionally work, but a clause is the standard solution.

Question 8Latin reading and translation

How is an AcI such as "putant hostes fugere" normally rendered in German?

  1. With a dass-clause, adjusting the tense to the Latin infinitive: "Sie glauben, dass die Feinde fliehen" Correct answer.
  2. With an infinitive phrase mirroring Latin: "Sie glauben die Feinde fliehen"
  3. With a relative clause: "die Feinde, die fliehen, glauben sie"
  4. With a conditional clause: "wenn die Feinde fliehen, glauben sie es"

Explanation

German cannot reproduce the AcI literally; the standard rendering is a dass-clause (or, stylistically, a verb-first clause). The German tense tracks the Latin infinitive: present infinitive = simultaneous (fliehen/fliehen), perfect infinitive = prior (geflohen seien), future infinitive = subsequent (fliehen würden).

Question 9Latin reading and translation

"Epistula scribenda est." Which German translation captures the gerundive correctly?

  1. "Der Brief wird geschrieben."
  2. "Der Brief wurde geschrieben."
  3. "Der Brief muss geschrieben werden." Correct answer.
  4. "Der Brief ist geschrieben worden."

Explanation

The gerundive with esse expresses necessity or obligation, so German uses müssen/sollen plus a passive infinitive: "Der Brief muss geschrieben werden." Where a dative of agent is present (mihi epistula scribenda est), German can switch to an active paraphrase: "Ich muss den Brief schreiben."

Question 10Latin reading and translation

Latin participial constructions like "Caesar, haec locutus, abiit" are typically best rendered into German by:

  1. Expanding the participle into a subordinate or main clause: "Nachdem Caesar dies gesagt hatte, ging er fort" Correct answer.
  2. Keeping a participle in the same position: "Caesar, dies gesagt habend, ging fort"
  3. Ignoring the participle, since German prefers finite verbs
  4. Always translating the participle as an infinitive with zu

Explanation

German participial attributes quickly become unidiomatic, so participles are usually resolved into clauses whose conjunction matches the context (nachdem, als, weil, obwohl, und dann). The tense of the participle guides the German tense: the perfect participle locutus marks an action prior to abiit.

Question 11Latin vocabulary and etymology

Into what Spanish diphthong does the short stressed Latin vowel /Ĕ/ usually evolve (for example, in the words 'TERRAM' or 'PETRAM')?

  1. ia (tiarra, piadra)
  2. ei (teirra, peidra)
  3. ie (tierra, piedra) Correct answer.
  4. ue (tuerra, puedra)

Explanation

One of the fundamental evolutionary rules in the shift from Vulgar Latin to Spanish states that the short stressed vowel /ĕ/ diphthongizes to /ie/ (TERRAM -> tierra, PETRAM -> piedra, HERBAM -> hierba).

Question 12Latin vocabulary and etymology

Into what Spanish diphthong does the short stressed Latin vowel /Ŏ/ usually evolve (for example, in the words 'PORTAM' or 'FOCUM')?

  1. au (paurta, faugo)
  2. ue (puerta, fuego) Correct answer.
  3. ou (pourta, fougo)
  4. ie (pierda, fiego)

Explanation

The short stressed Latin vowel /ŏ/ diphthongizes in Spanish to /ue/ (PORTAM -> puerta, FOCUM -> fuego, NOVUM -> nuevo, BONUM -> bueno).

Question 13Latin vocabulary and etymology

What does the Latin expression 'ad hoc' mean, and how is it used in English?

  1. With the utmost haste and without reflection
  2. Appropriate, arranged specifically 'for a particular purpose' or for this specific case Correct answer.
  3. From the beginning of time, or from the start
  4. In an illegal manner and without legal validity

Explanation

The Latin expression 'ad hoc' literally means 'for this' and is applied to a solution, committee, or argument created specifically for a particular purpose or a given case.

Question 14Latin vocabulary and etymology

What does the Latin expression 'curriculum vitae' literally mean?

  1. The course of one's life (a record of merits, qualifications, and personal/professional history) Correct answer.
  2. The syllabus of a school subject
  3. The pace of everyday life
  4. An official criminal record certificate

Explanation

'Curriculum vitae' literally means 'course of life' and designates the document that summarizes a person's academic training, work experience, and merits.

Question 15Latin vocabulary and etymology

What does the phonetic evolutionary rule of 'voicing' of intervocalic Latin voiceless stops (-P-, -T-, -K-) consist of in the shift to Spanish?

  1. They obligatorily become nasal consonants: -P- > -m-, -T- > -n-
  2. Voiceless stops disappear completely, leaving no trace of a consonant
  3. They become double geminate consonants: -PP-, -TT-, -CC-
  4. Voiceless stops between vowels become their corresponding voiced counterparts: -P- > -b-, -T- > -d-, -C/K- > -g- (LUPUM > lobo, VITAM > vida, LACUM > lago) Correct answer.

Explanation

In the phonetic evolution toward inherited Spanish, voiceless stop consonants in intervocalic position undergo voicing (lenition): -P- becomes -b- (LUPUM -> lobo), -T- becomes -d- (VITAM -> vida), and -C- (+a,o,u) becomes -g- (LACUM -> lago).

Question 16Latin literature and interpretation

Who is the author of the Latin national epic 'Aeneid', and what is its central plot?

  1. Virgil; it narrates the journey of the Trojan hero Aeneas after the fall of Troy and his arrival in Italy to lay the foundations of the Roman people Correct answer.
  2. Homer; it narrates the Trojan War and the wrath of Achilles in Latin verse
  3. Ovid; it narrates the creation of the world out of the initial chaos
  4. Lucan; it narrates the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage

Explanation

The 'Aeneid' was written in dactylic hexameters by Virgil at Augustus's commission. Its 12 books recount Aeneas's wanderings (books I-VI, epic of travel) and the wars in Latium (books VII-XII, epic of war) to found the Roman lineage.

Question 17Latin literature and interpretation

Which famous work of Latin historiography did Julius Caesar write about his military campaigns in Gaul?

  1. Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City)
  2. Annales (Annals of Rome)
  3. De Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) Correct answer.
  4. Historia Augusta

Explanation

Julius Caesar wrote the 'Commentarii de Bello Gallico' in 7 books (book VIII was added by his officer Aulus Hirtius), characterized by a direct, concise style and written in the 3rd grammatical person.

Question 18Latin literature and interpretation

Which famous Roman orator delivered the 'Catilinarian Orations' to expose Catiline's conspiracy?

  1. Quintilian
  2. Lucius Annaeus Seneca
  3. Marcus Tullius Cicero Correct answer.
  4. Gaius Sallustius Crispus

Explanation

Cicero, during his consulship in 63 BC, delivered the four speeches known as 'In Catilinam' (the Catilinarian Orations) to denounce before the Senate and the people the coup conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina.

Question 19Latin literature and interpretation

Who are the two great comic playwrights of Republican-era Latin theatre whose works survive?

  1. Horace and Juvenal
  2. Aeschylus and Sophocles
  3. Seneca and Lucan
  4. Plautus and Terence Correct answer.

Explanation

Titus Maccius Plautus (popular, dynamic, comic) and Publius Terentius Afer (elegant, with moral and psychological intent) are the two fundamental authors of Latin comedy (Fabula Palliata) whose works survive.

Question 20Latin literature and interpretation

Which Latin lyric poet do we owe the famous Epicurean maxim 'Carpe diem' (seize the day) to?

  1. Ovid
  2. Catullus
  3. Horace Correct answer.
  4. Propertius

Explanation

Quintus Horatius Flaccus coined the immortal phrase 'Carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero' in his 'Odes' (Carmina I, 11), urging the reader to enjoy the present given the brevity of life.

Question 21Roman culture, thought and reception

What is the traditional legendary date of the founding of Rome, and who is considered its first king according to tradition?

  1. 509 BC; Lucius Junius Brutus
  2. 100 BC; Julius Caesar
  3. 27 BC; Augustus
  4. 753 BC; Romulus Correct answer.

Explanation

The chronology fixed by the scholar Varro sets the year 753 BC (April 21) as the traditional date of the founding of Rome by Romulus, who became its first king after killing his brother Remus.

Question 22Roman culture, thought and reception

What are the three great political stages into which the history of Roman civilization is traditionally divided?

  1. Principate, Dominate, and Caliphate
  2. Democracy, Oligarchy, and Anarchy
  3. Monarchy, Republic, and Empire Correct answer.
  4. The reign of Aeneas, the Punic period, and the Byzantine period

Explanation

The political history of ancient Rome is conventionally divided into three great phases according to its form of government: Monarchy (753 BC - 509 BC), Republic (509 BC - 27 BC), and Empire (27 BC - AD 476 in the West).

Question 23Roman culture, thought and reception

What was the supreme ordinary magistracy in the hierarchy of the Roman republican 'cursus honorum'?

  1. Aedileship (Aedilis)
  2. Quaestorship (Quaestor)
  3. Consulship (Consul) Correct answer.
  4. Praetorship (Praetor)

Explanation

The Cursus Honorum was the regulated political career that every patrician or plebeian citizen had to follow. The main magistracies were ascended in order: Quaestor -> Aedile -> Praetor -> Consul. The consulship (two annual consuls holding imperium) was the supreme summit of the ordinary career.

Question 24Roman culture, thought and reception

What were the two main social orders called, whose political struggle marked the early centuries of the Roman Republic?

  1. Patricians and Plebeians Correct answer.
  2. Knights and Senators exclusively
  3. Citizens and Helots
  4. Optimates and Populares only

Explanation

Archaic Roman society was divided between the hereditary aristocracy with full religious and political rights (patricians) and the mass of the free population without original privileges (plebeians). The patrician-plebeian conflict shaped the republican constitution.

Question 25Roman culture, thought and reception

Which Roman god is equated in classical mythology with the Greek god Ares (god of war)?

  1. Mars Correct answer.
  2. Jupiter (Iuppiter)
  3. Neptune (Neptunus)
  4. Vulcan (Vulcanus)

Explanation

In the process of Greco-Roman mythological syncretism, Mars was equated with the Greek god Ares as the deity of war (and, among the Romans, also as the mythical protector and father of Romulus and Remus).

Question 26Latin morphology and syntax

What is the third person plural of the present active indicative of the verb 'amo, amare' (first conjugation)?

  1. amant Correct answer.
  2. amabant
  3. amaverunt
  4. ament

Explanation

'Amant' is the 3rd person plural of the present active indicative (present stem ama- + personal ending -nt).

Question 27Latin morphology and syntax

What tense-mood marker identifies the imperfect active indicative in the 1st and 2nd Latin conjugations?

  1. -isse-
  2. -bi-
  3. -ba- Correct answer.
  4. -re-

Explanation

The tense-aspect suffix '-ba-' is the characteristic marker of the imperfect indicative in the 1st and 2nd conjugations (amaba-m, moneba-s) and in the 3rd and 4th with the connecting vowel -e- (legeba-t, audieba-nt).

Question 28Latin morphology and syntax

How is the 1st person singular of the future active indicative formed in the 3rd conjugation (for example, 'lego, legere')?

  1. legam Correct answer.
  2. legabo
  3. legem
  4. legavi

Explanation

The future indicative of the 3rd and 4th conjugations does not use the suffix -bo/-bi-, but rather the modal vowels -a- for the 1st person singular (-am) and -e- for the other persons (-es, -et, -emus, -etis, -ent). Therefore, the 1st person is 'legam'.

Question 29Latin morphology and syntax

The Latin verb form 'legisset' is morphologically analyzed as:

  1. 3rd person singular of the pluperfect active indicative
  2. 3rd person singular of the future perfect active indicative
  3. 3rd person singular of the pluperfect active subjunctive Correct answer.
  4. 3rd person singular of the imperfect active subjunctive

Explanation

'Legisset' is composed of the perfect stem (leg-) + the tense-mood suffix (-isse-) + the 3rd person singular personal ending (-t), corresponding to the pluperfect active subjunctive.

Question 30Latin morphology and syntax

What is the 3rd person singular of the present passive indicative of the irregular verb 'fero, ferre'?

  1. feretur
  2. latus est
  3. ferit
  4. fertur Correct answer.

Explanation

The irregular verb 'fero' is athematic in some forms of the present. In the 3rd person singular of the present passive indicative, it adds the passive ending -tur directly to the root without a thematic vowel: 'fertur'.

Question 31Latin morphology and syntax

What is the 1st person singular present subjunctive form of the irregular verb 'volo, velle' (to want)?

  1. volam
  2. vellem
  3. voluerim
  4. velim Correct answer.

Explanation

The irregular verb 'volo' has a distinctive present subjunctive in -im (velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint).

Question 32Latin morphology and syntax

How is the verb form 'irent' (belonging to the verb 'eo, ire') morphologically analyzed?

  1. 3rd person plural of the imperfect active subjunctive Correct answer.
  2. 3rd person plural of the present active subjunctive
  3. 3rd person plural of the imperfect active indicative
  4. 3rd person plural of the future active indicative

Explanation

'Irent' is formed on the present infinitive 'ire' + the personal ending '-nt', corresponding to the 3rd person plural of the imperfect active subjunctive of the verb 'eo' (to go).

Question 33Latin morphology and syntax

What is the 3rd person singular perfect indicative of the deponent verb 'loquor, loqui' (to speak)?

  1. locutus est Correct answer.
  2. loquitur
  3. loqueretur
  4. locutus erat

Explanation

Deponent verbs have passive form but active meaning. The perfect indicative is formed periphrastically with the perfect passive participle + the present of the verb sum: 'locutus est' (he spoke).

Question 34Latin morphology and syntax

Third-declension adjectives of 'two terminations' are characterized by:

  1. One form for masculine/feminine and another for neuter in the nominative singular Correct answer.
  2. A distinct form for each of the three genders in the nominative singular
  3. A single form common to masculine, feminine, and neuter in the nominative singular
  4. Lacking a nominative plural and having invariable endings

Explanation

Third-declension adjectives of two terminations (like fortis, forte) show the ending -is for the masculine and feminine nominative singular, and the ending -e for the neuter nominative singular.

Question 35Latin morphology and syntax

Which Latin demonstrative indicates a spatial or temporal reference close to the second person (the listener: 'that')?

  1. is, ea, id
  2. ille, illa, illud
  3. hic, haec, hoc
  4. iste, ista, istud Correct answer.

Explanation

'Iste, ista, istud' is the 2nd-person demonstrative and refers to what is near the listener/interlocutor or concerns them (often with a pejorative nuance in oratorical speeches).

Question 36Latin morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular form (common to all three genders) of the relative pronoun 'qui, quae, quod'?

  1. quem
  2. quorum
  3. cuius Correct answer.
  4. cui

Explanation

The relative pronoun 'qui, quae, quod' has the pronominal genitive singular form 'cuius' for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.

Question 37Latin morphology and syntax

What is the irregular superlative corresponding to the adjective 'bonus, -a, -um'?

  1. melior, melius
  2. optimus, -a, -um Correct answer.
  3. maximus, -a, -um
  4. bonissimus, -a, -um

Explanation

The adjective 'bonus' has an irregular degree pattern: positive 'bonus', comparative of superiority 'melior, melius', and superlative 'optimus, -a, -um'.

Question 38Latin morphology and syntax

What is the ablative singular form of the comparative of superiority 'altior, altius' (taller)?

  1. altioris
  2. altiori
  3. altiorus
  4. altiore Correct answer.

Explanation

Synthetic comparatives of superiority (in -ior, -ius) are declined as third-declension consonant stems, so their ablative singular ends in '-e' (altiore).

Question 39Latin morphology and syntax

What is the 2nd person plural personal ending in the passive voice of present-stem tenses?

  1. -ris
  2. -tur
  3. -mur
  4. -mini Correct answer.

Explanation

The primary passive personal endings are: -or/-r (1st sg), -ris/-re (2nd sg), -tur (3rd sg), -mur (1st pl), -mini (2nd pl), -ntur (3rd pl). Therefore, the 2nd person plural is '-mini'.

Question 40Latin morphology and syntax

What is the 2nd person plural present active imperative of the verb 'rego, regere' (3rd conjugation)?

  1. regite Correct answer.
  2. rege
  3. regitote
  4. regunt

Explanation

In the 3rd conjugation, the 2nd person plural of the present active imperative is formed by adding the connecting vowel -i- and the ending -te to the consonant stem: 'regite' (rule!).

Question 41Latin morphology and syntax

In literary Latin, adapted third-declension Greek nouns (such as 'crater' or 'heros') often show which Hellenizing ending in the accusative plural?

  1. -as Correct answer.
  2. -es
  3. -os
  4. -is

Explanation

Proper names and nouns borrowed from Greek in the third Latin declension often retain Greek endings in poetry, among them the accusative plural in '-as' (for example, heroas, crateras, troas).

Question 42Latin morphology and syntax

Which group of Latin verbs is correctly classified as 'semi-deponent'?

  1. coepi, memini, odi, novi
  2. sum, possum, fero, volo
  3. loquor, sequor, proficiscor, morior
  4. gaudeo, soleo, audeo, fido Correct answer.

Explanation

Semi-deponent verbs (gaudeo, soleo, audeo, fido) have active forms in the present stem (gaudeo, gavisus sum) but passive form with active meaning in the perfect stem.

Question 43Latin morphology and syntax

What is the essential morphological and syntactic difference between the Latin 'gerund' and 'gerundive'?

  1. The gerund has passive voice and expresses obligation; the gerundive is always active and indeclinable
  2. The gerund is an abstract verbal noun invariable in gender and number; the gerundive is a three-termination verbal adjective that agrees in gender, number, and case with a noun Correct answer.
  3. There is no morphological difference at all; they are two identical terms for the present active participle
  4. The gerund is declined in every case including the nominative; the gerundive is used only in the accusative with the preposition 'ad'

Explanation

The gerund is a neuter singular verbal noun (declined genitive -ndi, dative -ndo, accusative -ndum, ablative -ndo). The gerundive is a three-termination verbal adjective (-ndus, -nda, -ndum) with passive meaning that fully agrees with the noun it accompanies.

Question 44Latin morphology and syntax

In which two cases is the 'supine' preserved and used in classical Latin syntax?

  1. Accusative in -um (direction/purpose after verbs of motion) and Ablative in -u (respect/limitation after adjectives) Correct answer.
  2. Nominative in -us (subject) and Genitive in -us (possession)
  3. Dative in -ui (indirect object) and Vocative in -us (address)
  4. Only in the neuter singular nominative with the value of a future imperative

Explanation

The supine has only two forms in classical usage: the supine in -um (accusative of direction/purpose after verbs of motion, e.g. 'eo spectatum') and the supine in -u (ablative of respect/specification after adjectives like mirabilis, facilis, e.g. 'mirabile dictu').

Question 45Latin morphology and syntax

What common inflectional feature do determinative adjectives with 'pronominal inflection' such as 'unus, totus, solus, nullus, alius' share in the singular?

  1. Genitive singular in '-is' and dative singular in '-e', only in the feminine
  2. Absolute invariability in all their singular cases
  3. Genitive singular in '-ius' and dative singular in '-i' for all three genders Correct answer.
  4. Genitive singular in '-orum' and dative singular in '-is', as in the 2nd declension

Explanation

Pronominal adjectives (like unus, solus, totus, nullus, alius, alter, uter) follow the 1st and 2nd declensions, but borrow from the pronominal system the genitive singular ending '-ius' (unius, totius) and the dative singular ending '-i' (uni, toti) for masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Question 46Latin morphology and syntax

What is the primary syntactic function of the nominative case in a Latin sentence?

  1. Direct and Indirect Object
  2. Subject and Predicate Noun/Adjective (Subject Complement) Correct answer.
  3. Noun Complement or Possessive
  4. Adverbial Complement of Place

Explanation

The nominative case expresses the person or thing performing the action or about which something is predicated, functioning essentially as the Subject of the sentence or as the Predicate Noun/Adjective with copulative verbs.

Question 47Latin morphology and syntax

What case and preposition are used in Latin to indicate the direction or 'goal of motion' (to where)?

  1. Ablative with the prepositions 'a/ab' or 'e/ex'
  2. Genitive with the preposition 'cum'
  3. Dative without a required preposition
  4. Accusative with the prepositions 'ad' or 'in' Correct answer.

Explanation

Direction of motion (place to which) is expressed with the accusative case preceded by the prepositions 'ad' (toward, next to) or 'in' (into, to). With proper names of cities or small islands, the accusative is used without a preposition.

Question 48Latin morphology and syntax

What is the main syntactic function performed by the dative case?

  1. Adverbial complement of definite time
  2. Noun complement in an attributive function
  3. Agent subject of active sentences
  4. Indirect Object (recipient or beneficiary of the action) Correct answer.

Explanation

The dative case marks the person or entity for whose benefit, detriment, or interest the verbal action is performed, functioning as the Indirect Object or a dative-governed complement.

Question 49Latin morphology and syntax

In the phrase 'domus patris', what function does the noun 'patris' in the genitive perform?

  1. Ablative of material
  2. Direct object of a transitive verb
  3. Possessive noun complement (the father's house) Correct answer.
  4. Passive agent subject

Explanation

'Patris' is in the genitive singular and functions as the noun complement of 'domus', expressing belonging or possession ('the house of the father').

Question 50Latin morphology and syntax

How is the adverbial complement of instrument or means (with what instrument something is done) usually expressed when it is an inanimate thing?

  1. Ablative without a preposition Correct answer.
  2. Ablative with the preposition 'a/ab'
  3. Accusative with the preposition 'per'
  4. Genitive with the preposition 'cum'

Explanation

An inanimate instrument is expressed with the pure instrumental ablative (without a preposition). For example: 'gladio pugnare' (to fight with a sword).