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Galicia PAU Latin II study materials
Galicia PAU Latin II study resources

Galicia PAU Latin II practice questions

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Question 1Latin morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular form of the first-declension feminine noun 'puella' ('girl')?

  1. puellae Correct answer.
  2. puellam
  3. puellarum
  4. puellis

Explanation

First-declension Latin nouns ending in '-a' in the nominative singular form their genitive singular ending in '-ae'. Thus, 'puella' becomes 'puellae'.

Question 2Latin morphology and syntax

Which of the following is the accusative singular form of the second-declension neuter noun 'bellum' ('war')?

  1. bella
  2. belli
  3. bellum Correct answer.
  4. bello

Explanation

Neuter nouns of the second declension maintain identical nominative, accusative, and vocative singular forms ending in '-um'. Therefore, the accusative singular of 'bellum' is 'bellum'.

Question 3Latin morphology and syntax

What is the nominative plural form of the third-declension masculine noun 'miles, militis' ('soldier')?

  1. milites Correct answer.
  2. militum
  3. militibus
  4. militis

Explanation

Third-declension masculine and feminine consonant-stem nouns form their nominative and accusative plural with the ending '-es'. From stem 'milit-', the nominative plural is 'milites'.

Question 4Latin morphology and syntax

In the fourth declension masculine noun 'exercitus, exercitus' ('army'), which case ending distinguishes the genitive singular from the nominative singular?

  1. Both nominative and genitive singular end in long '-us', distinguished by sentence context Correct answer.
  2. The genitive singular ends in '-i' while nominative ends in '-us'
  3. The genitive singular ends in '-um' while nominative ends in '-us'
  4. The genitive singular ends in '-is' while nominative ends in '-us'

Explanation

Fourth-declension masculine nouns end in '-us' in the nominative singular and long '-us' in the genitive singular. In written texts without macrons, they are visually identical and must be distinguished syntactically.

Question 5Latin morphology and syntax

What is the ablative singular form of the fifth-declension noun 'res, rei' ('thing', 'affair')?

  1. re Correct answer.
  2. rem
  3. rerum
  4. rebus

Explanation

Fifth-declension nouns form their ablative singular in '-e'. For 'res, rei', the ablative singular stem plus ending yields 're'.

Question 6Latin reading and translation

In the sentence 'Caesar gladio hostem vulneravit', what syntactic function does 'gladio' perform?

  1. Ablative of means/instrument Correct answer.
  2. Ablative of agent
  3. Ablative of place where
  4. Ablative of accompaniment

Explanation

The ablative of means/instrument denotes the inanimate object or tool used to perform an action, without a preposition. 'Gladio' means 'with a sword' or 'by means of a sword'.

Question 7Latin reading and translation

In the construction 'Mihi est magnus liber', what syntactic feature is expressed by 'mihi'?

  1. Dative of possession ('I have a great book') Correct answer.
  2. Dative of agent with gerundive
  3. Dative of purpose
  4. Ethic dative of reference

Explanation

The dative of possession uses the verb 'esse' with a dative noun/pronoun designating the possessor ('mihi est' = 'there is to me' -> 'I have').

Question 8Latin reading and translation

What is the syntactic function of 'militum' in 'pars militum in castris mansit'?

  1. Partitive genitive (genitive of the whole) Correct answer.
  2. Genitive of possession
  3. Objective genitive
  4. Subjective genitive

Explanation

The partitive genitive (genitivus partitivus) denotes the whole quantity or group from which a portion ('pars') is taken. 'Pars militum' = 'a part of the soldiers'.

Question 9Latin reading and translation

In the sentence 'Romani multos annos cum Gallis pugnaverunt', what function does 'multos annos' serve?

  1. Accusative of duration of time ('for many years') Correct answer.
  2. Accusative of motion towards
  3. Direct object of 'pugnaverunt'
  4. Double accusative of person and thing

Explanation

Time duration in Latin is expressed in the accusative without a preposition ('multos annos' = 'for many years'). Point in time is expressed in the ablative ('eo tempore').

Question 10Latin reading and translation

Translate the ablative absolute clause in 'His rebus cognitis, Caesar exercitum reduxit':

  1. Having learned these things / These things having been learned... Correct answer.
  2. While learning these things...
  3. In order to learn these things...
  4. Because Caesar was learning these things...

Explanation

The ablative absolute consists of a noun ('his rebus') and participle ('cognitis') in the ablative case. Perfect passive participles indicate prior action: 'These things having been learned / After learning these things'.

Question 11Latin vocabulary and etymology

How did short stressed Latin Ĕ evolve in Spanish compared to Galician (e.g., Latin 'petram')?

  1. Diphthongized to 'ie' in Spanish ('piedra'), but remained open mid-vowel 'e' in Galician ('pedra') Correct answer.
  2. Diphthongized to 'ue' in Spanish, but became 'i' in Galician
  3. Remained unchanged in Spanish, but diphthongized to 'ia' in Galician
  4. Lost completely in both Spanish and Galician

Explanation

Short open Ĕ diphthongized under stress to 'ie' in Castilian Spanish ('petram' > 'piedra', 'herbam' > 'hierba'), whereas Galician preserved the monophthongal open mid-vowel 'e' ('pedra', 'herba').

Question 12Latin vocabulary and etymology

What is the evolution of short stressed Latin Ŏ into Spanish and Galician in the noun 'focum'?

  1. Spanish diphthongized to 'ue' ('fuego'); Galician preserved monophthong 'o' ('fogo') Correct answer.
  2. Spanish preserved monophthong 'o'; Galician diphthongized to 'ou'
  3. Both languages diphthongized to 'au'
  4. Both languages dropped the stressed vowel

Explanation

Short stressed Ŏ diphthongized in Castilian Spanish to 'ue' ('focum' > 'fuego', 'porta' > 'puerta'), while Galician retained the monophthongal open mid-vowel 'o' ('fogo', 'porta').

Question 13Latin vocabulary and etymology

How does the Latin internal consonant cluster -CT- evolve into Spanish versus Galician (e.g. 'noctem', 'factum')?

  1. Evolves to -ch- in Spanish ('noche', 'hecho') and -it- in Galician ('noite', 'feito') Correct answer.
  2. Evolves to -st- in Spanish and -x- in Galician
  3. Evolves to -tt- in Spanish and -pt- in Galician
  4. Remained unshifted -ct- in both languages

Explanation

Latin -CT- vocalized the velar stop [k] to [j], producing the diphthong -it- in Galician ('noite', 'feito', 'oito') and palatalizing further into the affricate -ch- in Spanish ('noche', 'hecho', 'ocho').

Question 14Latin vocabulary and etymology

What sound shift did initial Latin clusters CL-, FL-, PL- undergo in Galician vs Spanish (e.g. 'clamare', 'plorare')?

  1. Evolves to ch- in Galician ('chamar', 'chorar') and ll- in Spanish ('llamar', 'llorar') Correct answer.
  2. Evolves to kl- in Galician and fl- in Spanish
  3. Evolves to l- in Galician and gl- in Spanish
  4. Evolves to pr- in Galician and tr- in Spanish

Explanation

Latin initial clusters CL-, FL-, PL- palatalized to the voiceless postalveolar affricate ch- [tʃ] in Galician ('chamar', 'chama', 'chorar') and to the palatal lateral ll- [ʎ] in Spanish ('llamar', 'llama', 'llorar').

Question 15Latin vocabulary and etymology

What characteristic phonetic phenomenon occurs to intervocalic -L- and -N- in the evolution from Latin to Galician (e.g., 'lunam', 'colorem')?

  1. Intervocalic -L- and -N- were lost/elided in Galician ('lúa', 'cor'), but preserved in Spanish ('luna', 'color') Correct answer.
  2. They doubled into -LL- and -NN- in Galician
  3. They changed into -R- and -D- in Galician
  4. They were preserved in Galician but dropped in Spanish

Explanation

Galician-Portuguese is distinguished among Romance languages by the systematic loss of single intervocalic Latin -L- ('colorem' > 'cor', 'salire' > 'saír') and -N- ('lunam' > 'lúa', 'generalem' > 'xeral'), which Spanish retained.

Question 16Latin literature and interpretation

What are the two principal historical commentaries composed by Julius Caesar?

  1. De Bello Gallico and De Bello Civili Correct answer.
  2. Ab Urbe Condita and Annales
  3. De Catilinae Coniuratione and Bellum Iugurthinum
  4. Historiae and Agricola

Explanation

Julius Caesar authored 'De Bello Gallico' (7 books on the Gallic Campaigns) and 'De Bello Civili' (3 books on the Civil War against Pompey), written in third-person commentarii style.

Question 17Latin literature and interpretation

What stylistic characteristic defines Caesar's prose in 'De Bello Gallico'?

  1. Clear, direct, unadorned third-person narrative ('commentarii') avoiding archaic vocabulary Correct answer.
  2. Highly poetic hexameter verse filled with mythological digressions
  3. Dense, obscure, highly moralizing rhetoric filled with archaisms
  4. Philosophical dialogues between imagined aristocratic speakers

Explanation

Caesar cultivated 'puritas sermonis' (purity of language): concise, elegant, objective-sounding prose in the third person, avoiding unusual or archaic vocabulary as praised by Cicero.

Question 18Latin literature and interpretation

Which series of four speeches did Cicero deliver in 63 BC to expose a conspiracy against the Roman Republic?

  1. In Catilinam (Catilinarian Orations) Correct answer.
  2. Philippicae (Philippics)
  3. In Verrem (Verrine Orations)
  4. Pro Archia Poeta

Explanation

During his consulship in 63 BC, Cicero delivered four Orations against Lucius Sergius Catilina ('In Catilinam I-IV') to thwart a violent coup d'état.

Question 19Latin literature and interpretation

What is Cicero's major rhetorical masterpiece outlining the ideal education, character, and training of the orator?

  1. De Oratore Correct answer.
  2. De Re Publica
  3. De Legibus
  4. De Natura Deorum

Explanation

'De Oratore' (55 BC) is a 3-book dialogue in which Cicero argues that the perfect orator must possess comprehensive philosophical, historical, and legal knowledge, not mere technical tropes.

Question 20Latin literature and interpretation

What is the primary national epic of Rome written by Vergil under the reign of Augustus?

  1. The Aeneid Correct answer.
  2. The Metamorphoses
  3. The Pharsalia
  4. The Punica

Explanation

Publius Vergilius Maro composed the 'Aeneid' in 12 books of dactylic hexameter, recounting Aeneas' journey from fallen Troy to Italy to establish the lineage of Rome and the Julian house.

Question 21Roman culture, thought and reception

Which late Roman administrative province encompassed modern Galicia, Asturias, Leon, and northern Portugal after Diocletian's reforms?

  1. Gallaecia Correct answer.
  2. Tarraconensis
  3. Lusitania
  4. Baetica

Explanation

Emperor Diocletian reorganized Hispania in 298 AD, splitting northwestern Hispania Tarraconensis into the new province of Gallaecia, with its capital at Bracara Augusta (Braga).

Question 22Roman culture, thought and reception

What famous UNESCO World Heritage site in Lugo (Lucus Augusti) represents the only completely preserved ancient Roman fortification in the world?

  1. The Roman Walls of Lugo (Muralla Romana de Lugo) Correct answer.
  2. The Aqueduct of Segovia
  3. The Roman Theater of Mérida
  4. The Wall of Hadrian

Explanation

The Roman Walls of Lugo (*Lucus Augusti*), constructed in the late 3rd century AD, extend over 2 kilometers with 85 towers, forming the world's only intact Roman town wall.

Question 23Roman culture, thought and reception

What landmark in A Coruña is recognized as the oldest surviving operational Roman lighthouse in the world?

  1. The Tower of Hercules (Turris Augusti) Correct answer.
  2. The Arch of Cabanes
  3. The Temple of Diana
  4. The Pharos of Alexandria

Explanation

The Tower of Hercules (*Turris Augusti* / *Farum Brigantium*), built in the late 1st century AD under Trajan/Hadrian by architect Gaius Sevius Lupus, is the world's oldest working lighthouse.

Question 24Roman culture, thought and reception

Which three urban centers served as the administrative centers ('conventus iuridici') of Roman Gallaecia?

  1. Lucus Augusti (Lugo), Bracara Augusta (Braga), and Asturica Augusta (Astorga) Correct answer.
  2. Tarraco, Carthago Nova, and Emerita Augusta
  3. Hispalis, Gades, and Corduba
  4. Toletum, Caesaraugusta, and Numantia

Explanation

Roman Gallaecia was divided into three legal circuits (*conventus iuridici*): Conventus Lucensis (*Lucus Augusti* / Lugo), Conventus Bracarensis (*Bracara Augusta* / Braga), and Conventus Asturicensis (*Asturica Augusta* / Astorga).

Question 25Roman culture, thought and reception

Which major Roman road recorded in the Antonine Itinerary linked Bracara Augusta and Asturica Augusta through Lucus Augusti across Gallaecia?

  1. Via XIX (Via XIX del Itinerario de Antonino) Correct answer.
  2. Via Augusta
  3. Via Silver / Via de la Plata
  4. Via Appia

Explanation

Via XIX was a vital Roman military and trade highway built under Augustus connecting Braga, Ponte de Lima, Tui, Iria Flavia, Lugo, and Astorga.

Question 26Latin morphology and syntax

Which of the following is the comparative degree form of the adjective 'pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum' ('beautiful') in the nominative masculine singular?

  1. pulchrior Correct answer.
  2. pulcherrimus
  3. pulchrius
  4. pulchrioris

Explanation

Latin comparative adjectives are formed by adding '-ior' (masculine/feminine nominative singular) to the base stem ('pulchr-'). Thus, 'pulchrior' means 'more beautiful' or 'fairer'.

Question 27Latin morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular form for all three genders of the demonstrative pronoun 'hic, haec, hoc' ('this')?

  1. huius Correct answer.
  2. huic
  3. hunc
  4. horum

Explanation

Demonstrative pronouns in Latin share the pronominal genitive singular ending '-ius'. The genitive singular of 'hic, haec, hoc' is 'huius' across masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Question 28Latin morphology and syntax

In the relative pronoun 'qui, quae, quod', which form functions as the accusative feminine singular ('whom' / 'which')?

  1. quam Correct answer.
  2. qua
  3. quarum
  4. quas

Explanation

The accusative feminine singular form of the relative pronoun 'qui, quae, quod' is 'quam'. It agrees in gender and number with its feminine singular antecedent.

Question 29Latin morphology and syntax

What does the indefinite pronoun form 'aliquis, aliquid' mean in Classical Latin?

  1. someone, something Correct answer.
  2. each one, every
  3. whoever, whatever
  4. no one, nothing

Explanation

'Aliquis' (masculine/feminine nominative singular) and 'aliquid' (neuter nominative/accusative singular) express an indefinite person or thing ('someone', 'anyone', 'something').

Question 30Latin morphology and syntax

What is the third-person plural future active indicative of 'amare' (1st conjugation, 'to love')?

  1. amabunt Correct answer.
  2. amabant
  3. amavent
  4. amarent

Explanation

First and second conjugation verbs form the future active indicative using the tense sign '-bi-' ('-bu-' in third-person plural). Thus, stem 'ama-' + '-bu-' + '-nt' = 'amabunt' ('they will love').

Question 31Latin morphology and syntax

How is the third-person plural future active indicative formed for third-conjugation verbs like 'legere' ('to read')?

  1. legent Correct answer.
  2. legabunt
  3. legentur
  4. legunt

Explanation

Third and fourth conjugation verbs form the future active indicative using the vowel '-e-' (and '-a-' in 1st person singular) rather than '-bi-'. Thus, 'legent' means 'they will read'.

Question 32Latin morphology and syntax

What is the first-person singular pluperfect active indicative of 'scribere' (perfect stem 'scrips-')?

  1. scripseram Correct answer.
  2. scripsero
  3. scripsissem
  4. scripserim

Explanation

The pluperfect active indicative is formed by attaching '-eram, -eras, -erat...' to the perfect stem. From 'scrips-', 1st person singular is 'scripseram' ('I had written').

Question 33Latin morphology and syntax

What is the third-person singular present passive indicative of 'docere' (2nd conjugation, 'to teach')?

  1. docetur Correct answer.
  2. docentur
  3. docebatur
  4. doceturur

Explanation

The present passive indicative replaces active personal endings with passive ones (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur). For 'docere', 3rd person singular is 'docetur' ('he/she is taught').

Question 34Latin morphology and syntax

Which suffix is added to the present stem of 1st conjugation verbs (e.g. 'laudare') to form the present active subjunctive?

  1. -e- (laudet) Correct answer.
  2. -a- (laudat)
  3. -i- (laudit)
  4. -u- (laudut)

Explanation

In 1st conjugation verbs, the characteristic stem vowel '-a-' changes to '-e-' in the present subjunctive (e.g., 'laudet' = 'he may praise'). In 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugations, the subjunctive vowel is '-a-'.

Question 35Latin morphology and syntax

How is the imperfect active subjunctive formed for any Latin verb?

  1. By adding personal endings (-m, -s, -t...) directly to the present active infinitive Correct answer.
  2. By adding '-eri-' plus personal endings to the perfect stem
  3. By adding '-isse-' plus personal endings to the perfect stem
  4. By inserting '-ba-' between the present stem and personal endings

Explanation

The imperfect active subjunctive is morphologically transparent: present active infinitive (e.g., 'regere') + personal endings ('-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt' -> 'regerem, regeres, regeret...').

Question 36Latin morphology and syntax

What is a key feature of Latin deponent verbs such as 'sequi' ('to follow') or 'proficisci' ('to set out')?

  1. They have passive forms but active meanings Correct answer.
  2. They have active forms but passive meanings
  3. They exist only in the third-person singular
  4. They lack past tenses in the indicative mood

Explanation

Deponent verbs (from 'deponere', to lay aside) have laid aside their active morphological forms; they are conjugated in the passive voice but translated with active voice meanings.

Question 37Latin morphology and syntax

What is the third-person singular present indicative of the irregular verb 'ferre' ('to carry, bear')?

  1. fert Correct answer.
  2. ferit
  3. feret
  4. ferat

Explanation

The irregular verb 'fero, ferre, tuli, latum' lacks connecting vowels in several present indicative forms: 2nd sing. 'fers', 3rd sing. 'fert', 2nd plur. 'fertis'.

Question 38Latin morphology and syntax

Which of the following forms is the present active subjunctive of 'possum, posse, potui' ('to be able') in the third-person singular?

  1. possit Correct answer.
  2. potest
  3. poterit
  4. posset

Explanation

The verb 'possum' compounds 'pot-' + 'sum'. In the present subjunctive, it uses the stem 'possi-' + personal endings: 'possim, possis, possit, possimus, possitis, possint'.

Question 39Latin morphology and syntax

What is the grammatical classification of 'amaturus, -a, -um'?

  1. Future active participle ('about to love') Correct answer.
  2. Perfect passive participle ('having been loved')
  3. Present active participle ('loving')
  4. Gerundive / future passive participle ('to be loved')

Explanation

The future active participle is formed by adding '-urus, -ura, -urum' to the supine stem ('amat-'). It expresses intention or imminent future action ('about to love', 'going to love').

Question 40Latin morphology and syntax

What is the perfect passive infinitive of 'capere' ('to take')?

  1. captum esse Correct answer.
  2. capere
  3. capi
  4. cepisse

Explanation

The perfect passive infinitive consists of the perfect passive participle in the accusative case ('captum, -am, -um / captos, -as, -a') combined with the auxiliary infinitive 'esse'.

Question 41Latin morphology and syntax

How does the gerund ('amandum') differ fundamentally from the gerundive ('amandus, -a, -um')?

  1. The gerund is a active verbal noun; the gerundive is a passive verbal adjective Correct answer.
  2. The gerund is a passive adjective; the gerundive is a active noun
  3. The gerund exists in all cases including nominative; the gerundive exists only in accusative
  4. The gerund has plural forms; the gerundive is singular only

Explanation

The gerund is a neuter singular active verbal noun (genitive, dative, accusative with preposition, ablative). The gerundive is a 3-termination passive verbal adjective that agrees in gender, number, and case with a noun.

Question 42Latin morphology and syntax

What is the first-person singular present indicative of 'malo' ('to prefer')?

  1. malo Correct answer.
  2. malim
  3. malle
  4. malui

Explanation

'Malo' is contracted from 'magis volo'. Its present active indicative paradigm begins with 'malo' (1st sing.), 'mavis' (2nd sing.), 'mavult' (3rd sing.).

Question 43Latin morphology and syntax

In Latin prose, how is the Greek accusative singular ending '-a' reflected in borrowed names like 'Hector' or 'Aeneas' (e.g. 'Hectora')?

  1. It retains the Greek 3rd declension accusative singular ending '-a' Correct answer.
  2. It is a scribal error for the Latin ablative singular
  3. It represents a neuter nominative plural form
  4. It is a poetic nominative singular form

Explanation

Classical Latin authors borrowing Greek proper nouns often retained Greek 3rd declension case endings, such as accusative singular in '-a' (e.g., 'Hectora', 'Troada').

Question 44Latin morphology and syntax

Which of the following verbs is semi-deponent (regular active in present system, passive in perfect system)?

  1. audeo, audere, ausus sum Correct answer.
  2. amo, amare, amavi
  3. doceo, docere, docui
  4. audio, audire, audivi

Explanation

Semi-deponent verbs like 'audeo' ('to dare'), 'gaudeo' ('to rejoice'), and 'soleo' ('to be accustomed') form present tenses actively ('audeo') but perfect tenses passives with active meaning ('ausus sum' = 'I dared').

Question 45Latin reading and translation

Which of the following phrases represents a nominal Ablative Absolute without an explicit participle?

  1. Cicerone consule Correct answer.
  2. urbe capta
  3. vento secundo
  4. duce vulnerato

Explanation

Latin lacks a present participle for the verb 'esse'. Consequently, two nouns or a noun and adjective in the ablative function as an ablative absolute: 'Cicerone consule' = 'Cicero [being] consul' / 'when Cicero was consul'.

Question 46Latin reading and translation

How is the English sentence 'The consul says that the enemy is approaching' rendered into Classical Latin indirect speech?

  1. Consul dicit hostes appropinquare Correct answer.
  2. Consul dicit ut hostes appropinquant
  3. Consul dicit quod hostes appropinquant
  4. Consul dicit hostes appropinquavisse

Explanation

Indirect statement after verbs of saying/knowing/perceiving ('dicit') requires Subject Accusative ('hostes') + Present Infinitive for contemporaneous action ('appropinquare').

Question 47Latin reading and translation

In the sentence 'Dixit se venturum esse', why is the reflexive pronoun 'se' used as the subject accusative?

  1. Because 'se' refers back to the subject of the main verb 'dixit' ('He said that HE himself would come') Correct answer.
  2. Because 'se' refers to a third party distinct from the speaker
  3. Because 'se' is a mandatory filler particle in future infinitives
  4. Because 'se' agrees in case with 'venturum'

Explanation

In indirect speech, the reflexive pronoun 'se' (accusative) indicates that the subject of the infinitive clause is identical to the subject of the main governing verb ('He said that HE [himself]...').

Question 48Latin reading and translation

In Classical Latin prose, what construction is known as 'Cum Historical' (or 'Cum Narrativum')?

  1. Cum + Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive (translated 'when', 'since', or 'although') Correct answer.
  2. Cum + Present Indicative (translated 'whenever')
  3. Cum + Ablative Noun (translated 'along with')
  4. Cum + Future Perfect Indicative (translated 'as soon as')

Explanation

Cum Historical/Narrativum pairs 'cum' with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive to describe background circumstances in past narrative ('when/as/since/although...').

Question 49Latin reading and translation

What type of subordinate clause is introduced in 'Milites acriter pugnaverunt ut urbem defenderent'?

  1. Purpose / Final clause ('in order to defend the city') Correct answer.
  2. Result / Consecutive clause
  3. Indirect Command
  4. Fear Clause

Explanation

'Ut' + subjunctive ('defenderent') without a preceding demonstrative signal word (like 'tam', 'ita') expresses the purpose or intention of the main verb: 'in order to defend the city'.

Question 50Latin reading and translation

How should the sentence 'Tantus erat timor ut omnes fugerent' be translated?

  1. Great was the fear that everyone fled (Result clause) Correct answer.
  2. Great was the fear in order that everyone might flee (Purpose clause)
  3. They feared that everyone would flee (Fear clause)
  4. Although the fear was great, everyone fled (Concessive clause)

Explanation

The presence of the intensive signal word 'tantus' ('so great') in the main clause triggers a consecutive/result clause with 'ut' + subjunctive ('fugerent'): 'So great was the fear THAT everyone fled'.