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Basque PAU Greek II study materials
Basque PAU Greek II study resources

Basque PAU Greek II practice questions

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Question 1Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Ancient Greek, what is the nominative singular form of the third-declension irregular noun for 'woman' (stem γυναίκ-)?

  1. γυνή Correct answer.
  2. γυναίξ
  3. γυναῖκα
  4. γυναικός

Explanation

The nominative singular of the irregular third-declension noun for 'woman' is γυνή. The stem γυναίκ- appears in the genitive singular γυναικός and other oblique cases.

Question 2Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which of the following is the genitive singular form of the first-declension feminine noun σοφία ('wisdom')?

  1. σοφίην
  2. σοφίας Correct answer.
  3. σοφίᾳ
  4. σοφιῶν

Explanation

In Attic Greek, first-declension nouns ending in alpha pure (preceded by ε, ι, or ρ) retain α throughout the singular declension, yielding genitive singular σοφίας.

Question 3Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative/accusative plural form of the second-declension neuter noun δῶρον ('gift')?

  1. δῶροι
  2. δώρους
  3. δῶρα Correct answer.
  4. δώρων

Explanation

Neuter nouns of the second declension form their nominative, accusative, and vocative plural with the ending -α, giving δῶρα.

Question 4Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form represents the nominative plural of the second-person personal pronoun ('you all') in Classical Greek?

  1. ἡμεῖς
  2. σφεῖς
  3. ὑμᾶς
  4. ὑμεῖς Correct answer.

Explanation

The second-person plural nominative pronoun is ὑμεῖς ('you all'). In contrast, ἡμεῖς is the first-person plural nominative ('we').

Question 5Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which demonstrative pronoun is used in Attic Greek to indicate something close to the speaker ('this here') and is formed by adding the deictic suffix -δε to the article?

  1. ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε Correct answer.
  2. οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο
  3. ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο
  4. αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό

Explanation

The demonstrative pronoun ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε is formed by appending the deictic particle -δε to the definite article, pointing to what is present or immediately following.

Question 6Ancient Greek reading and translation

What is the historical subject matter of Xenophon's famous work *Anabasis*?

  1. The naval campaigns of the Peloponnesian War.
  2. The trial and execution of Socrates.
  3. The expedition of Cyrus the Younger to seize the Persian throne and the subsequent retreat of the Ten Thousand Greek mercenaries. Correct answer.
  4. The mythical origins and founding of Sparta.

Explanation

Xenophon's *Anabasis* ('Expedition Upcountry') recounts Prince Cyrus the Younger's campaign against Artaxerxes II and the epic march of the 10,000 Greeks back to the Euxine (Black) Sea.

Question 7Ancient Greek reading and translation

Upon reaching Mount Theches after months of marching through hostile territory, what famous cry did the Greek soldiers shout in Xenophon's *Anabasis*?

  1. "Νενικήκαμεν! Νενικήκαμεν!"
  2. "Eleutheria! Eleutheria!"
  3. " provide Ἄριστον! Ἄριστον!"
  4. "Θάλαττα! Θάλαττα!" Correct answer.

Explanation

In *Anabasis* Book 4, upon catching sight of the Euxine Sea from Mount Theches, the overjoyed Greek soldiers famously shouted 'Θάλαττα! Θάλαττα!' ('The sea! The sea!').

Question 8Ancient Greek reading and translation

In Xenophon's military narrative style, what do the terms 'σταθμός' and 'παρασάγγης' signify in phrases like ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς τρεῖς παρασάγγας εἴκοσι?

  1. 'σταθμός' = day's march / stage; 'παρασάγγης' = Persian measure of distance (~30 stadia / 5.5 km). Correct answer.
  2. 'σταθμός' = military rank; 'παρασάγγης' = cavalry unit.
  3. 'σταθμός' = river crossing; 'παρασάγγης' = heavy transport wagon.
  4. 'σταθμός' = food ration; 'παρασάγγης' = gold Persian coin.

Explanation

Xenophon routinely measures army progress in 'σταθμοί' (daily march stages/camps) and 'παρασάγγαι' (parasangs, an Iranian unit of distance equal to roughly 5.5 km).

Question 9Ancient Greek reading and translation

What historical narrative scope does Xenophon's *Hellenica* cover?

  1. The Trojan War and its aftermath.
  2. The final years of the Peloponnesian War (picking up where Thucydides breaks off in 411 BCE) down to the Battle of Mantinea in 362 BCE. Correct answer.
  3. Alexander the Great's conquests in Asia.
  4. The Greco-Persian Wars from Marathon to Salamis.

Explanation

Xenophon's *Hellenica* continues Thucydides' unfinished history of the Peloponnesian War from 411 BCE through the end of Athenian power and the Spartan/Theban hegemonies down to 362 BCE.

Question 10Ancient Greek reading and translation

Which characterization best captures Xenophon's literary style in Attic prose, earning him the ancient moniker 'Attic Bee' (Ἀττικὴ μέλιττα)?

  1. Highly convoluted, obscure periodized sentences loaded with complex rhetorical antitheses.
  2. Poetic Ionic dialect filled with compound epic metaphors.
  3. Clarity, simplicity, sweet natural rhythm, and unadorned narrative straightforwardness. Correct answer.
  4. Heavy philosophical jargon relying exclusively on dramatic dialogues.

Explanation

Xenophon was celebrated for his lucid, simple, and elegant Attic style ('Attic Bee'), prioritizing clear narrative over convoluted rhetorical ornament.

Question 11Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

Which Ancient Greek words form the etymological compound 'philosophy'?

  1. φίλος (philos = loving) + φόβος (phobos = fear)
  2. φίλος (philos = loving) + ψυχή (psychē = soul)
  3. φίλος (philos = loving) + νόμος (nomos = law)
  4. φίλος (philos = loving) + σοφία (sophia = wisdom) Correct answer.

Explanation

'Philosophy' stems from φιλοσοφία, a compound of φίλος (philos = 'loving/fond of') and σοφία (sophia = 'wisdom').

Question 12Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the Ancient Greek root meaning behind the prefix 'bio-' in words like 'biology' and 'biodiversity'?

  1. βίος (bios = life) Correct answer.
  2. βία (bia = force)
  3. βίβλος (biblos = book)
  4. βίος (bios = weight)

Explanation

The prefix bio- derives from Ancient Greek βίος (bios), meaning 'life' or 'manner of living'.

Question 13Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the semantic distinction between the Greek prefixes 'hyper-' (ὑπέρ) and 'hypo-' (ὑπό) in medical and scientific terms?

  1. 'hyper-' means inside; 'hypo-' means outside.
  2. 'hyper-' means over, excessive, above; 'hypo-' means under, deficient, below. Correct answer.
  3. 'hyper-' means slow; 'hypo-' means fast.
  4. 'hyper-' means single; 'hypo-' means multiple.

Explanation

In etymology, ὑπέρ (hyper-) means 'over, above, beyond, excessive' (e.g. hypertension), while ὑπό (hypo-) means 'under, below, deficient' (e.g. hypothermia).

Question 14Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What Greek root forms the basis of time-related words like 'chronometer', 'chronology', and 'chronic'?

  1. χρῶμα (chrōma = color)
  2. χώρα (chōra = land)
  3. χρόνος (chronos = time) Correct answer.
  4. χρυσός (chrysos = gold)

Explanation

English and Romance roots in 'chrono-' derive from Ancient Greek χρόνος (chronos), 'time', as in chronology, chronic, and chronometer. This is a standard etymology item linking Greek morphology to modern vocabulary.

Question 15Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

In Odyssey narrative, who is Penelope primarily?

  1. Odysseus’ wife who waits in Ithaca Correct answer.
  2. Odysseus’ mother
  3. A Phaeacian princess
  4. Athena in disguise only

Explanation

Penelope is Odysseus’ wife; her fidelity and testing of the beggar are central interpretation themes.

Question 16Ancient Greek history, society and reception

Who was the supreme king of the Olympian gods, associated with the sky, thunder, justice, and hospitality (Xenia)?

  1. Poseidon
  2. Hades
  3. Ares
  4. Zeus (Ζεύς) Correct answer.

Explanation

Zeus is the supreme ruler of Mount Olympus, god of the sky, thunderbolts, law, order, and protector of guests (*Zeus Xenios*).

Question 17Ancient Greek history, society and reception

Which virgin goddess of wisdom, strategic warfare, and crafts was born fully armored from the head of Zeus and served as patron deity of Athens?

  1. Athena (Ἀθηνᾶ) Correct answer.
  2. Hera
  3. Artemis
  4. Aphrodite

Explanation

Athena is the goddess of wisdom, tactical war, and weaving, born from Zeus' head, whose chief sanctuary was the Parthenon in Athens.

Question 18Ancient Greek history, society and reception

Which Olympian deity was worshiped at Delphi as the god of prophecy, music, poetry, light, and healing?

  1. Hermes
  2. Apollo (Ἀπόλλων) Correct answer.
  3. Dionysus
  4. Hephaestus

Explanation

Apollo is the god of music (lyre), poetry, archery, healing, light, and divine prophecy through his oracle at Delphi.

Question 19Ancient Greek history, society and reception

Why was the hero Heracles compelled to perform his famous Twelve Labors for King Eurystheus of Tiryns?

  1. To win the crown of Mycenae.
  2. To escape a death sentence for treason.
  3. To expiate the murder of his wife Megara and children, committed during a fit of madness sent by Hera. Correct answer.
  4. To fulfill a prophecy given at the Panathenaic Games.

Explanation

In punishment for killing his family during Hera-induced madness, the Delphic Oracle ordered Heracles to serve Eurystheus for twelve years and complete twelve labors.

Question 20Ancient Greek history, society and reception

What was the main sovereign assembly of all male citizens in democratic Athens called?

  1. Boule (Βουλή)
  2. Areopagus (Ἄρειος Πάγος)
  3. Heliaia (Ἡλιαία)
  4. Ekklēsia (Ἐκκλησία) Correct answer.

Explanation

The Ekklēsia (Popular Assembly) was the principal sovereign assembly of Athenian citizens, meeting on the Pnyx to vote on laws, foreign policy, and war.

Question 21Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the dative plural form of the third-declension dental-stem noun παῖς, παιδός ('child')?

  1. παιδόσι
  2. παισί(ν) Correct answer.
  3. παιδῶν
  4. παῖδας

Explanation

Before the dative plural suffix -σι(ν), dental stops (δ, θ, τ) drop out. Thus, παιδ- + σιν becomes παισί(ν).

Question 22Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Identify the accusative singular form of the liquid stem third-declension noun ῥήτωρ, ῥήτορος ('orator').

  1. ῥήτορος
  2. ῥήτορι
  3. ῥήτορα Correct answer.
  4. ῥητόρων

Explanation

Third-declension consonant stems add -α to form the accusative singular, yielding ῥήτορα from the stem ῥητορ-.

Question 23Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative plural form in Attic Greek for the neuter s-stem noun γένος ('race', 'kind')?

  1. γένει
  2. γένεα
  3. γένεσι
  4. γένη Correct answer.

Explanation

Neuter s-stems (stem γενεσ-) drop the intervocalic sigma in *γένεσα, and contract ε + α to η in standard Attic, producing γένη.

Question 24Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which set of forms correctly displays the nominative singular masculine, feminine, and neuter of the adjective meaning 'black'?

  1. μέλας, μέλαινα, μέλαν Correct answer.
  2. μέλανος, μελαίνης, μέλανος
  3. μελανός, μελανή, μελανόν
  4. μέλας, μέλασα, μέλαν

Explanation

The nasal-stem adjective 'black' declines in three endings as μέλας (masc. nom. sg.), μέλαινα (fem. nom. sg.), and μέλαν (neut. nom. sg.).

Question 25Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Why does the comparative form of σοφός ('wise') lengthen its stem vowel to omega in σοφώτερος?

  1. Because it is a third-declension adjective stem.
  2. Because the preceding syllable is short, avoiding four consecutive short syllables. Correct answer.
  3. Because all comparative adjectives in Attic Greek require an omega suffix.
  4. Because of an accentual shift triggered by the superlative ending.

Explanation

When an o-stem adjective has a short preceding syllable (σο-), the stem vowel o lengthens to ω (σοφώτερος) to prevent a sequence of short syllables in verse/prose rhythm.

Question 26Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What are the irregular comparative and superlative forms of the adjective ἀγαθός ('good') in the sense of moral excellence or bravery?

  1. ἀγαθώτερος, ἀγαθώτατος
  2. κακίων, κάκιστος
  3. βελτίων, βέλτιστος Correct answer.
  4. μείζων, μέγιστος

Explanation

The irregular comparative and superlative of ἀγαθός regarding moral virtue/excellence are βελτίων and βέλτιστος (or ἀμείνων / ἄριστος for capability/strength).

Question 27Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Identify the correct genitive, dative, and accusative singular forms of the irregular third-declension proper noun Ζεύς ('Zeus').

  1. Ζευγός, Ζευγί, Ζεῦγα
  2. Ζηνοῦς, Ζηνῇ, Ζηνῆ
  3. Ζεός, Ζεΐ, Ζέα
  4. Διός, Διΐ, Δία Correct answer.

Explanation

The noun Ζεύς uses the stem Δι- in oblique cases, producing genitive Διός, dative Διΐ, accusative Δία, and vocative Ζεῦ.

Question 28Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative singular masculine form of the present active participle of the contract verb ποιέω ('to make, do') in Attic Greek?

  1. ποιῶν Correct answer.
  2. ποιέων
  3. ποιῶντος
  4. ποιούμενος

Explanation

In Attic Greek, uncontracted ποιέ-ων contracts ε + ω into ῶ, yielding the nominative singular masculine present active participle ποιῶν.

Question 29Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the 1st person singular sigmatic (first) aorist active indicative form of the verb λύω ('to loosen')?

  1. ἔλυον
  2. ἔλυσα Correct answer.
  3. λέλυκα
  4. ἐλύθην

Explanation

The weak (sigmatic) active aorist adds the past tense augment ε- and the tense suffix -σα, giving ἔλυσα.

Question 30Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

When forming the imperfect active indicative of ἄγω ('to lead'), what temporal augment does the initial vowel α take?

  1. ᾱ- (ā-)
  2. ε- (e-)
  3. η- (ē-) Correct answer.
  4. ω- (ō-)

Explanation

Initial short α lengthens to η under temporal augmentation in past indicative tenses, producing ἦγον.

Question 31Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Identify the active infinitive form of the strong (second) aorist of λαμβάνω ('to take'), built from the verbal root λαβ-.

  1. λαμβάνειν
  2. λήψεσθαι
  3. λαβέσθαι
  4. λαβεῖν Correct answer.

Explanation

Strong aorist active infinitives use the bare verbal stem (λαβ-) with the circumflex accent on the ending -εῖν, yielding λαβεῖν.

Question 32Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which characteristic tense suffix identifies the first aorist passive indicative stem in verbs like πράσσω -> ἐπράχθην?

  1. -θη- Correct answer.
  2. -σα-
  3. -κα-
  4. -σε-

Explanation

The first aorist passive is characterized by the tense marker -θη- (or -θε- in non-indicative moods), combined with secondary passive endings (e.g. ἐπράχθην).

Question 33Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What morphological phenomenon occurs in the perfect tense of γράφω to yield γέγραφα?

  1. Temporal augment with vowel contraction.
  2. Consonant reduplicated with ε and aspiration of the stem labial stop φ. Correct answer.
  3. Addition of a infix -σκ- without reduplication.
  4. Loss of the final stem consonant with compensatory lengthening.

Explanation

The perfect active γέγραφα shows initial reduplication (γε-) and an aspirated perfect ending where the stem labial stop π/β/φ is expressed as φ.

Question 34Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

How is the subjunctive mood marked morphologically in thematic verbs like λύω in the present tense active?

  1. By inserting the mood sign -οι- or -αι-.
  2. By adding the past augment ε- to secondary endings.
  3. By lengthening the thematic vowels o/e to ω/η. Correct answer.
  4. By adding the prefix ἄν directly to the verb stem.

Explanation

The thematic subjunctive lengthens the thematic connective vowels o and e to ω and η (e.g. λύωμεν, λύητε, λύωσι).

Question 35Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form represents the 1st person singular present active optative of the verb λύω?

  1. λύω
  2. λύσαιμι
  3. λύσομαι
  4. λύοιμι Correct answer.

Explanation

The present active optative of thematic verbs inserts the diphthong -οι- before personal endings, yielding λύοιμι for the 1st person singular.

Question 36Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Identify the 1st person singular root aorist active indicative form of the verb γιγνώσκω ('to know').

  1. ἔγνων Correct answer.
  2. ἐγίγνωσκον
  3. ἔγνωκα
  4. γνῶναι

Explanation

The root aorist of γιγνώσκω adds secondary active personal endings directly to the lengthened root γνω-, yielding 1st person singular ἔγνων.

Question 37Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What orthographic feature distinguishes the interrogative pronoun (who?, what?) from the indefinite pronoun (someone, something)?

  1. The interrogative pronoun always has a final iota subscript.
  2. The interrogative pronoun is always accented (τίς, τί), while the indefinite pronoun is enclitic (τις, τι). Correct answer.
  3. The indefinite pronoun adds an initial smooth breathing mark, while the interrogative adds rough breathing.
  4. The interrogative pronoun is used only in the dual number.

Explanation

The interrogative pronoun retains an acute accent on its first syllable (τίς, τί), whereas the indefinite pronoun is enclitic and lacks an inherent accent (τις, τι).

Question 38Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In the present system of the athematic verb δίδωμι ('to give'), how is the present tense stem formed from the root δω-/δο-?

  1. By suffixing -σκ- to the verbal root.
  2. By nasal infixing with -αν-.
  3. By iota-reduplication of the initial consonant (δι-δω- / δι-δο-). Correct answer.
  4. By adding an augment ε- to the beginning of the root.

Explanation

Primary athematic verbs like δίδωμι form their present stem via iota-reduplication (root δο- -> δι-δο- / δι-δω-).

Question 39Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular form of the irregular third-declension noun ναῦς ('ship') in Attic Greek?

  1. ναός
  2. νηός
  3. ναῦς
  4. νεώς Correct answer.

Explanation

In Attic Greek, the noun ναῦς undergoes quantitative metathesis in the genitive singular, producing νεώς.

Question 40Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What syntactic function and meaning is conveyed by the verbal adjective ending in -τέος, -τέα, -τέον (e.g. ποιητέον ἐστί)?

  1. It expresses necessity or obligation ('must be done'). Correct answer.
  2. It expresses capability or possibility ('can be done').
  3. It functions as an active past participle.
  4. It marks an unfulfilled wish in past time.

Explanation

Verbal adjectives in -τέος denote passive necessity or obligation, equivalent to the Latin gerundive (e.g. ποιητέον ἐστί = 'it must be done').

Question 41Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Classical Greek syntax, what grammatical feature governs the verb agreement when the subject is a neuter plural noun (e.g. τὰ ζῷα τρέχει)?

  1. The verb must always agree in plural number with the subject.
  2. Neuter plural subjects regularly take a singular verb. Correct answer.
  3. The verb must be in the dual number.
  4. The verb shifts to the middle voice automatically.

Explanation

A fundamental rule of Classical Greek syntax (τα ζῷα τρέχει) states that neuter plural subjects take a verb in the singular.

Question 42Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What syntactic function does the accusative case express without a preposition in the phrase πέντε ἡμέρας ἔμειναν?

  1. Point of time when an action occurred.
  2. Dative of manner.
  3. Duration of time ('for five days'). Correct answer.
  4. Genitive partitive.

Explanation

The accusative case without a preposition expresses duration of time (answering 'how long?') or extent of space.

Question 43Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In the clause ὁ στρατιώτης ἐμαχέσατο τῷ ξίφει, what specific syntax is demonstrated by τῷ ξίφει?

  1. Dative of interest.
  2. Dative of agent.
  3. Dative of place where.
  4. Dative of instrument or means ('with the sword'). Correct answer.

Explanation

The dative case without a preposition can express the instrument or means by which an action is accomplished ('with/by means of the sword').

Question 44Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What syntax is used in the phrase ὁ παῖς ἐστι σοφώτερος τοῦ διδασκάλου?

  1. Genitive of comparison ('wiser than the teacher'). Correct answer.
  2. Genitive absolute.
  3. Genitive of value.
  4. Genitive of cause.

Explanation

When comparing two nouns using a comparative adjective without the particle ἤ ('than'), the object of comparison is put in the genitive of comparison.

Question 45Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which statement accurately describes the Genitive Absolute construction in Classical Greek?

  1. It consists of an accusative noun and infinitive dependent on a main verb.
  2. It consists of a noun/pronoun and participle in the genitive, grammatically independent of the main clause elements. Correct answer.
  3. It is used exclusively to express spatial destination.
  4. It requires the modal particle ἄν attached to the participle.

Explanation

The Genitive Absolute features a noun or pronoun and a participle in the genitive case that function as an adverbial clause, independent of the main clause subject or object.

Question 46Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In the sentence παύομαι γράφων, what type of construction is γράφων?

  1. Attributive participle.
  2. Genitive absolute.
  3. Supplementary participle completing a verb of stopping. Correct answer.
  4. Circumstantial participle of purpose.

Explanation

Verbs of beginning, continuing, and stopping (like παύομαι) take a supplementary participle in agreement with the subject to complete their action ('I cease writing').

Question 47Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Translate and analyze the construction in the clause οἶδα θνητὸς ὤν.

  1. 'I wish to be mortal' (complimentary infinitive).
  2. 'Although I am mortal' (concessive participle).
  3. 'I know how to be mortal' (indirect question).
  4. 'I know that I am mortal' (supplementary participle with verb of knowing). Correct answer.

Explanation

Verbs of knowing, perceiving, or showing (like οἶδα) take a supplementary participle (here ὤν matching nominative subject) to introduce an indirect statement.

Question 48Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

When is the Accusative Absolute construction used in Ancient Greek instead of the Genitive Absolute?

  1. When the participle belongs to an impersonal verb or phrase (e.g. ἐξόν, δέον, πρέπον). Correct answer.
  2. When the action takes place in the future indicative.
  3. When the subject of the clause is a proper noun.
  4. When the sentence is a direct prohibition.

Explanation

Impersonal verbs and expressions (such as ἐξόν 'it being permitted', δέον 'it being necessary') form their absolute participle constructions in the accusative neuter singular rather than genitive.

Question 49Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Identify the syntax of the clause νομίζω τὸν ἄνδρα σοφὸν εἶναι.

  1. Direct command with imperative.
  2. Accusative with Infinitive (AcI) in indirect statement. Correct answer.
  3. Final clause of purpose.
  4. Genitive absolute construction.

Explanation

Verbs of thinking/believing (like νομίζω) take an Accusative with Infinitive (AcI) construction in indirect statement: 'I believe the man to be wise / that the man is wise.'

Question 50Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which conjunctions introduce purpose (final) clauses in Classical Greek, and what mood follows when the main verb is in a primary tense?

  1. ὥστε or ὡς + Indicative
  2. ὅτι or διότι + Optative
  3. ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς + Subjunctive Correct answer.
  4. εἰ or ἐάν + Imperative

Explanation

Purpose clauses are introduced by ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς, taking the Subjunctive after primary main tenses (present, future, perfect) and Optative after secondary tenses.