I85PREP
⌘ K
Valencian Community PAU Greek II study materials
Valencian Community PAU Greek II study resources

Valencian Community PAU Greek II practice questions

One question at a time. Build your Valencian Community PAU Greek II understanding.

First 50 of 190 questions. Each one lists the choices, the correct answer, and an explanation. The checker at the top of this page saves progress in this browser when it is available.

Continue in the practice tool above to load more questions, 50 at a time.

Question 1Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Ancient Greek, what is the grammatical parsing of the noun form "πόλεως" (poleōs)?

  1. Genitive singular of the third-declension noun πόλις (city) Correct answer.
  2. Nominative plural of the first-declension noun πόλις
  3. Dative singular of the second-declension noun πόλος
  4. Accusative plural of the third-declension noun πόλις

Explanation

The form πόλεως is the genitive singular of the third-declension iota-stem feminine noun πόλις (city), exhibiting quantitative metathesis in Attic Greek.

Question 2Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which tense stem and aspect are represented by the verb form "ἔγραψα" (egrapsa)?

  1. First (sigmatic) aorist active indicative of γράφω Correct answer.
  2. Present active indicative of γράφω
  3. Imperfect active indicative of γράφω
  4. Perfect active indicative of γράφω

Explanation

The verb form ἔγραψα features the syllabic augment (ἐ-), the verb root (γραφ-), the sigmatic tense marker (-σ- resulting in ψ), and aorist endings (-α), marking first aorist active indicative.

Question 3Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative singular masculine form of the adjective "μέγας" (megas)?

  1. μέγας Correct answer.
  2. μεγάλη
  3. μέγα
  4. μεγάλου

Explanation

The nominative singular masculine form of this irregular adjective is μέγας (masculine), while μεγάλη is feminine and μέγα is neuter.

Question 4Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Attic Greek, what is the primary function of temporal augments in past tenses of verbs beginning with vowels?

  1. Lengthening the initial short vowel (e.g., α to η, ε to η, ο to ω) Correct answer.
  2. Prefixing the syllable ἐ- to the verbal root regardless of initial letter
  3. Reduplicating the initial consonant with an added ε
  4. Adding a final nu-movable (-ν) to the verb ending

Explanation

Temporal augmentation lengthens an initial short vowel of a verb stem in past tenses (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), converting α to η, ε to η, and ο to ω.

Question 5Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the masculine nominative singular of the Ancient Greek definite article?

  1. ὁ Correct answer.
  2. ἡ
  3. τό
  4. οἱ

Explanation

The masculine nominative singular of the definite article is ὁ; ἡ is feminine nominative singular, τό is neuter, and οἱ is masculine nominative plural.

Question 6Ancient Greek reading and translation

In the Greek sentence "ταῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ στρατηγοῦ, οἱ στρατιῶται ἐπορεύοντο", what syntactic construction is formed by "ταῦτα εἰπόντος τοῦ στρατηγοῦ"?

  1. Genitive Absolute clause Correct answer.
  2. Accusative with Infinitive clause
  3. Dative of Means construction
  4. Nominative Absolute clause

Explanation

The phrase features a noun in the genitive (τοῦ στρατηγοῦ) paired with a participle in the genitive (εἰπόντος), forming an absolute participial clause independent of the main sentence structure.

Question 7Ancient Greek reading and translation

What function does the preposition "διά" (dia) govern when paired with an accusative noun (διά + accusative)?

  1. On account of / because of (causal) Correct answer.
  2. Through / across (spatial)
  3. In presence of (locative)
  4. With / alongside (accompaniment)

Explanation

The preposition διά with the accusative case expresses cause or reason ("on account of / because of"), whereas διά with the genitive case expresses spatial or temporal transit ("through").

Question 8Ancient Greek reading and translation

Which conjunction introduces a negative purpose clause (final clause) in Classical Attic Greek?

  1. ἵνα μή / ὅπως μή / μή Correct answer.
  2. ὥστε
  3. ἐπεί
  4. εἰ

Explanation

Negative purpose clauses in Attic Greek are introduced by ἵνα μή, ὅπως μή, or simply μή, accompanied by verbs in the subjunctive or optative moods.

Question 9Ancient Greek reading and translation

Indirect (reported) statement in Classical Greek is most characteristically expressed by which construction?

  1. An accusative subject with an infinitive (accusative + infinitive) Correct answer.
  2. A nominative subject with a finite indicative verb
  3. A dative of means with a participle
  4. A genitive of possession with an optative

Explanation

After verbs of saying and thinking, Greek typically puts the subject of the reported clause in the accusative and the verb in the infinitive, the accusative-and-infinitive (AcI) construction.

Question 10Ancient Greek reading and translation

A "gnomic aorist" is an aorist used to express...

  1. A general or universal truth (as in proverbs) Correct answer.
  2. A single unique event in the remote past
  3. A direct command for the future
  4. A prohibition addressed to a second person

Explanation

The gnomic aorist uses the aorist's aspect of completed action to state a general, timeless truth, common in maxims and proverbial expressions.

Question 11Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the Ancient Greek etymological origin of the English word "philosophy"?

  1. φίλος (love/friendship) + σοφία (wisdom) Correct answer.
  2. φόβος (fear) + λόγος (word/reason)
  3. φύσις (nature) + νόμος (law)
  4. φῶς (light) + γράφω (write)

Explanation

The word philosophy derives from Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), composed of φίλος (loving/friend) and σοφία (wisdom).

Question 12Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

Which panhellenic sanctuary housed the famous Oracle of Apollo, where the Pythia delivered prophecies?

  1. Delphi Correct answer.
  2. Olympia
  3. Epidauros
  4. Dodona

Explanation

The sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi on Mount Parnassus was the most prestigious panhellenic oracle in ancient Greece.

Question 13Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

In ancient Greek democracy, what was the term for the civic assembly of all full male citizens in Athens?

  1. Ecclesia (Ἐκκλησία) Correct answer.
  2. Boule (Βουλή)
  3. Areopagus (Ἀρειος Πάγος)
  4. Heliaea (Ἡλιαία)

Explanation

The Ecclesia (Ἐκκλησία) was the popular assembly of Athenian citizens that voted on laws, war, and foreign policy.

Question 14Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

The English word "democracy" derives from which Greek roots?

  1. δῆμος (people) + κράτος (power/rule) Correct answer.
  2. δῆμος (people) + λόγος (word)
  3. δῆμος (people) + νόμος (law)
  4. δῆμος (people) + τύραννος (tyrant)

Explanation

Democracy comes from δημοκρατία, combining δῆμος ("the people") and κράτος ("power, rule"), hence "rule by the people".

Question 15Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

Which classical Greek author is considered the "Father of History" and authored the "Histories" detailing the Persian Wars?

  1. Herodotus of Halicarnassus Correct answer.
  2. Thucydides of Athens
  3. Xenophon of Athens
  4. Polybius of Megalopolis

Explanation

Herodotus of Halicarnassus (5th century BCE) wrote the "Histories" (Ἱστορίαι) recounting the Greco-Persian Wars and geographical/cultural inquiry, earning him the title Father of History.

Question 16Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

Which Attic dramatist wrote the tragic trilogy "Oresteia" (Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, The Eumenides)?

  1. Aeschylus Correct answer.
  2. Sophocles
  3. Euripides
  4. Aristophanes

Explanation

Aeschylus is the author of the Oresteia (458 BCE), the only surviving complete trilogy from ancient Greek drama.

Question 17Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

In Homeric epic poetry, what meter is consistently used in both the Iliad and the Odyssey?

  1. Dactylic Hexameter Correct answer.
  2. Iambic Trimeter
  3. Elegiac Couplet
  4. Trochaic Tetrameter

Explanation

Homeric epic poetry is composed in dactylic hexameter ("heroic meter"), consisting of six feet per line of dactyls (- u u) and spondees (- -).

Question 18Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

To whom is the authorship of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" traditionally attributed?

  1. Homer Correct answer.
  2. Hesiod
  3. Pindar
  4. Sappho

Explanation

The two great epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are attributed by tradition to Homer, an Ionian poet of the 8th century BCE.

Question 19Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

Hesiod's didactic poem on the ages of man, justice, and the rhythms of rural labour is titled...

  1. Works and Days (Ἔργα καὶ Ἡμέραι) Correct answer.
  2. Theogony
  3. Argonautica
  4. The Clouds

Explanation

Works and Days is Hesiod's didactic poem addressed to his brother Perses, treating the ages of man, divine justice, and seasonal agricultural work.

Question 20Ancient Greek history, society and reception

In Plato, a definitional question of the form τί ἐστι X; most directly aims at:

  1. An essential definition / ‘what X is’ Correct answer.
  2. A catalogue of accidental examples without essence
  3. A hexameter paraphrase of a Homeric simile
  4. A Roman legal statute citation

Explanation

In Plato, τί ἐστι X; seeks an essential definition-what X is in itself (οὐσία)-rather than a loose list of examples, epic paraphrase, or later Roman law.

Question 21Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Traditionally, how many declensions are distinguished for Ancient Greek nouns?

  1. Three Correct answer.
  2. Two
  3. Four
  4. Five

Explanation

Greek nouns are conventionally grouped into three declensions: first (mostly feminine -α/-η), second (mostly masculine -ος and neuter -ον), and third (variable stems, consonant and vowel).

Question 22Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the aorist passive indicative 1st person singular of λύω ("I loose")?

  1. ἐλύθην Correct answer.
  2. ἔλυσα
  3. ἐλυόμην
  4. λέλυκα

Explanation

The aorist passive indicative adds the passive marker -θη- to the verbal stem with the augment: ἐλύθην (ἐ- + λυ- + -θη- + -ν).

Question 23Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the present active infinitive of λύω ("to loose")?

  1. λύειν Correct answer.
  2. λῦσαι
  3. ἐλύθην
  4. λέλυκεναι

Explanation

The present active infinitive of a thematic verb like λύω is formed with the ending -ειν: λύειν.

Question 24Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

The contract verb τιμάω ("to honour") in the present active indicative 1st person singular contracts to which form?

  1. τιμῶ Correct answer.
  2. τιμάω
  3. τιμώμεθα
  4. ἐτίμων

Explanation

In τιμάω the stem-final α and the ending ω contract (α + ω → ω), so the 1st singular present active indicative is τιμῶ.

Question 25Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the first aorist middle indicative 1st person singular of λύω?

  1. ἐλυσάμην Correct answer.
  2. ἔλυσα
  3. ἐλύθην
  4. ἐλυόμην

Explanation

The first aorist middle indicative adds the sigmatic stem (-σα-) with middle endings: ἐλυσάμην (ἐ- + λυ- + -σα- + -μην).

Question 26Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which Ancient Greek pronoun is the 1st person singular ("I")?

  1. ἐγώ Correct answer.
  2. σύ
  3. αὐτός
  4. ὑμεῖς

Explanation

ἐγώ is the 1st person singular pronoun "I"; σύ is "you" (singular), αὐτός is the intensive/correlative pronoun, and ὑμεῖς is "you" (plural).

Question 27Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which is a comparative form meaning "better" in Attic Greek?

  1. ἀμείνων Correct answer.
  2. ἀγαθός
  3. ἄριστος
  4. ἀγαθοῦ

Explanation

ἀμείνων (also βελτίων in Attic) is the comparative "better" of ἀγαθός "good"; the superlative is ἄριστος "best".

Question 28Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the second (strong) aorist active indicative 1st person singular of λείπω ("to leave")?

  1. ἔλιπον Correct answer.
  2. ἔλιψα
  3. λέλοιπα
  4. ἐλειπόμην

Explanation

λείπω forms a second (non-sigmatic, thematic) aorist: ἔλιπον, with the augment ἐ-, the zero-grade stem λιπ-, and the thematic aorist ending -ον.

Question 29Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the feminine nominative singular of the Ancient Greek definite article?

  1. ἡ Correct answer.
  2. ὁ
  3. τό
  4. αἱ

Explanation

ἡ is the feminine nominative singular of the article; ὁ is masculine nominative singular, τό is neuter, and αἱ is feminine nominative plural.

Question 30Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the present middle/passive indicative 2nd person singular of λύω?

  1. λύῃ Correct answer.
  2. λύσεις
  3. ἐλύθην
  4. λέλυμαι

Explanation

The present middle/passive 2nd singular ends in -ῃ, giving λύῃ (from the uncontracted λύεσαι via loss of sigma).

Question 31Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

The preposition ἐπί ("on, upon") takes how many cases with distinct meanings?

  1. Three - genitive, dative, and accusative Correct answer.
  2. Only one - the accusative
  3. Only one - the genitive
  4. Two - nominative and vocative

Explanation

ἐπί governs the genitive, dative, and accusative, each yielding a different sense (e.g., genitive "for the sake of", dative "on/in the time of", accusative "towards/on to").

Question 32Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the pluperfect active indicative 3rd person singular of λύω?

  1. ἐλελύκει Correct answer.
  2. λέλυκα
  3. ἐλύθη
  4. ἔλυσε

Explanation

The pluperfect adds the past augment to the perfect stem: ἐλελύκει (ἐ- + λέλυ- + -κει), expressing a completed action prior to a past moment.

Question 33Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the neuter nominative/accusative plural of the Ancient Greek definite article?

  1. τά Correct answer.
  2. ὁ
  3. ἡ
  4. τούς

Explanation

The neuter nominative/accusative plural of the article is τά (written with accent); the masculine accusative plural is τούς.

Question 34Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

The verb ἔρχομαι ("to come / go") is called a deponent verb because it...

  1. Has middle/passive morphology but active meaning Correct answer.
  2. Is always passive in meaning
  3. Lacks an augment in all past tenses
  4. Is a contract verb in -άω

Explanation

Deponent verbs use middle/passive forms while bearing an active meaning; ἔρχομαι "I come/go" has no distinct active voice form yet is active in sense.

Question 35Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the future active indicative 1st person singular of γράφω ("to write")?

  1. γράψω Correct answer.
  2. ἔγραψα
  3. γέγραφα
  4. γράφω

Explanation

The future active adds the sigmatic marker -σ- to the verbal stem: γράψω (γραφ- + -σ- + -ω), the anticipatory counterpart of the aorist.

Question 36Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

The athematic ("mi") verb δίδωμι ("I give") forms its present active indicative 2nd person singular as which form?

  1. δίδως Correct answer.
  2. δίδωσι
  3. διδοῦ
  4. δότω

Explanation

In δίδωμι the 2nd singular active ending is -ς attached directly to the stem: δίδως (1st singular δίδωμι, 3rd singular δίδωσιν).

Question 37Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which Ancient Greek pronoun is the 2nd person singular ("you")?

  1. σύ Correct answer.
  2. ἐγώ
  3. ἡμεῖς
  4. ὑμεῖς

Explanation

σύ is the 2nd person singular "you"; ἐγώ is "I", ἡμεῖς is "we", and ὑμεῖς is the 2nd person plural "you (all)".

Question 38Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the present active participle, masculine nominative singular, of λύω?

  1. λύων Correct answer.
  2. λύσας
  3. λελυκυῖα
  4. λυθείς

Explanation

The present active participle masculine nominative singular ends in -ων: λύων ("loosing"), built on the present stem.

Question 39Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the aorist passive participle, masculine nominative singular, of λύω?

  1. λυθείς Correct answer.
  2. λύων
  3. λύσας
  4. λελυκώς

Explanation

The aorist passive participle adds -θείς in the masculine nominative singular: λυθείς ("having been loosed"), from the passive stem with the -θε-/-θη- marker.

Question 40Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the superlative degree of the adjective κακός ("bad")?

  1. κάκιστος Correct answer.
  2. κακίων
  3. κακός
  4. κακῶς

Explanation

The superlative of κακός is κάκιστος ("worst"), formed with the regular superlative suffix -ιστος; κακίων is the comparative "worse".

Question 41Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which form is the imperfect active indicative 1st person singular of λύω, expressing ongoing past action?

  1. ἔλυον Correct answer.
  2. ἔλυσα
  3. λέλυκα
  4. λύσω

Explanation

The imperfect is formed with the augment plus the present stem and secondary active endings: ἔλυον (ἐ- + λυ- + -ον), denoting continuous past action.

Question 42Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

The form λέλυκα (perfect active indicative 1st singular of λύω) describes which kind of action?

  1. A completed past action whose result persists in the present ("I have loosed") Correct answer.
  2. An ongoing, incomplete action in the past
  3. A future action yet to occur
  4. A simple past action with no present consequence

Explanation

The Greek perfect combines a completed past act with a present resulting state; λέλυκα means "I have loosed (and it stands loosed)".

Question 43Ancient Greek reading and translation

In a contrary-to-fact (unreal) condition in Classical Greek, both the protasis (εἰ-clause) and the apodosis characteristically use which mood?

  1. The indicative (imperfect or aorist tense) Correct answer.
  2. The subjunctive
  3. The optative
  4. The imperative

Explanation

Greek unreal conditions use the indicative - imperfect for present contrary-to-fact, aorist for past - with ἄν in the apodosis; unlike some other languages, it does not use the subjunctive or optative here.

Question 44Ancient Greek reading and translation

The particle γάρ most commonly introduces...

  1. An explanation or reason ("for, because") Correct answer.
  2. A direct question
  3. A negative statement
  4. A command or prohibition

Explanation

γάρ is a postpositive causal particle meaning "for, because", supplying a reason or explanation for what precedes.

Question 45Ancient Greek reading and translation

Which of the following is a primary function of the dative case in Ancient Greek?

  1. Indirect object and means/instrument Correct answer.
  2. Direct object of most verbs
  3. Possession by the subject
  4. Motion toward a place

Explanation

The dative marks the indirect object ("to/for whom") and the means or instrument ("by/with what"), among other relations.

Question 46Ancient Greek reading and translation

The genitive absolute construction consists of...

  1. A noun or pronoun in the genitive plus a participle in the genitive, grammatically independent of the main clause Correct answer.
  2. An accusative subject plus an infinitive
  3. A dative noun plus a finite verb
  4. A nominative subject agreeing with the main verb

Explanation

In the genitive absolute, a genitive subject and a genitive participle form a self-contained circumstantial clause whose subject differs from that of the main sentence.

Question 47Ancient Greek reading and translation

The negative adverb οὐ(κ) is characteristically used with which mood?

  1. The indicative (in statements of fact) Correct answer.
  2. The subjunctive
  3. The optative
  4. The imperative

Explanation

οὐ(κ) negates the indicative in straightforward statements; μή is the negative used with the non-indicative moods, infinitives, and participles.

Question 48Ancient Greek reading and translation

The "deliberative subjunctive" is used chiefly in...

  1. Questions expressing deliberation or doubt about what is to be done (often 1st person) Correct answer.
  2. Confident assertions of established fact
  3. Result clauses expressing consequence
  4. Temporal clauses of prior action

Explanation

The deliberative subjunctive appears in questions (e.g., "What should I do?") where the speaker deliberates about a future action or possibility; it can also occur in doubting deliberative clauses.

Question 49Ancient Greek reading and translation

The particle pairing μέν ... δέ expresses...

  1. Contrast ("on the one hand ... on the other") Correct answer.
  2. Cause or reason
  3. Condition or hypothesis
  4. Result or consequence

Explanation

μέν anticipates a following δέ to mark a contrasted pair: "X (to be sure) ... but Y", coordinating two balanced but opposed ideas.

Question 50Ancient Greek reading and translation

How does the Greek relative pronoun (ὅς, ἥ, ὅ) agree with its antecedent?

  1. In gender and number with the antecedent, while its case is determined by its function within the relative clause Correct answer.
  2. Fully in gender, number, and case with the antecedent
  3. Only in case, never in gender or number
  4. It never agrees with the antecedent at all

Explanation

The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is dictated by its grammatical role inside the relative clause, not by the antecedent.