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The project file (.aprx) is the container that records the maps, layouts, default geodatabase, default toolbox, and folder connections. Because those settings live inside the project file, moving the project without its data breaks the stored paths.
Only a feature dataset can be assigned a geometry type of esriGeometryAny, allowing mixed geometry types in one container. Standard feature classes are locked to a single geometry type. Feature datasets also let members share a spatial reference and participate in topology and networks.
A layer file stores display properties such as symbology, labeling, definition queries, and the data source reference. Adding the .lyrx to a map references the original data rather than duplicating it. Copying tools and packages move or bundle data, which is a different purpose.
Geodatabase topology defines spatial rules such as Must Not Overlap that are validated during editing and can be enforced with error inspection. Domains and subtypes constrain attribute values, not spatial relationships. Relationship classes manage associations between features, not overlap.
A domain is created at the geodatabase level but only takes effect when assigned to a field in a table or feature class. You define the domain, then bind it to an attribute field. Feature datasets, topologies, and networks are unrelated containers.
The Timestamp Offset type stores a date, time, and UTC offset, preserving time zone context. Date stores date and time without offset, and Date Only stores just the calendar date. Text would store the value as characters without temporal semantics.
Calculate Field evaluates an expression and writes results into an existing field of the input table. Add Field only creates an empty field, and Join Field appends values from another table. Summary Statistics produces a new table of aggregates.
Delete Features removes rows that match a where clause directly from the input dataset. Select Layer By Attribute only creates a selection, and Feature Class To Feature Class copies data to a new output. Truncate Table empties the entire table rather than a subset.
Spatial Join by default keeps only target features that satisfy the spatial relationship and appends attributes from the join features. Setting the join operation to one-to-one collapses multiple matches. The output is a copy of the target with joined fields, not the join features.
The Output Coordinate System environment determines the spatial reference assigned to results that support it. Current and Scratch Workspace control where data is written, and Parallel Processing Factor controls processing resources. Setting this environment avoids unintended reprojection.
A precondition creates a dependency that forces a tool to wait for another process to complete successfully before running. Iterators loop over inputs, and inline variables substitute values into paths or expressions. Parameters expose model inputs to users.
A model captures a sequence of connected tools and their parameters so the workflow can be rerun or shared. Layouts and reports are output documents, and tasks guide users through steps rather than executing chained tools automatically.
Tasks capture configured steps, including tool settings and editing actions, so users can follow and replay them consistently. Domains and attribute rules enforce data integrity, and metadata documents data. Tasks are the guided-workflow mechanism.
Attribute rules are geodatabase logic that run on insert, update, or delete to validate or calculate values automatically. Definition queries only filter display, and subtypes group features. Relationship classes define associations rather than field constraints.
A project package consolidates the project and its referenced data so it can be opened on another machine without the original workspace. Layer and map files reference data paths and do not include the data. A style file stores symbols only.
Project transforms coordinates from the input spatial reference to a new output spatial reference using a specified transformation. Define Projection only relabels the coordinate system without changing coordinates. Copy Features preserves the existing coordinates.
Define Projection assigns the correct coordinate system metadata to data whose coordinates are already in that system. Project would transform coordinates and compound the error. Transform Features shifts coordinates between datums and is not a metadata fix.
Clip extracts input features that fall within the clip boundary and writes them to a new feature class. Erase removes those features, and Intersect and Union combine overlays in ways that alter geometry and attributes. Clip is the extraction tool for this purpose.
A relationship class is stored in the geodatabase and maintains associations between origin and destination features, supporting selection propagation. Joins and relates are temporary in-memory associations, and definition queries only filter display.
Branch versioning supports multiuser editing of feature services with named versions that can be reconciled and posted to the default version. Archiving records historical edits, and replication copies data between geodatabases. Domains constrain attribute values.
Merge combines multiple input datasets of the same geometry type into one new output, mapping fields by name and filling missing values with nulls. Append writes into an existing dataset, and Union overlays polygons. Feature Class To Feature Class handles a single input.
Append inserts input records into an existing target dataset, preserving the target schema. Merge creates a new output from multiple inputs, and Spatial Join combines attributes based on location. Project changes the coordinate system.
Archiving creates a history table that records inserts, updates, and deletes with timestamps, allowing past states to be queried. Versioning supports concurrent editing but does not automatically retain a full edit history. Subtypes and domains are attribute controls.
A map topology or geodatabase topology reveals overlap and gap errors, and the Fix Geometry or error inspector tools correct them. Dissolve merges adjacent polygons, Buffer creates offset polygons, and Spatial Join transfers attributes. Only topology editing targets overlaps and gaps.
The Current Workspace environment sets the default output location for geoprocessing results. Output Coordinate System controls the spatial reference, and XY Resolution controls coordinate precision. Geographic Transformations controls datum conversion.
The Alter Field tool changes the properties of an existing field, including its alias, default value, and domain assignment, without deleting and recreating the field. Add Field only creates new fields, Modify Fields is not a standard geoprocessing tool, and Calculate Field edits values rather than schema properties.
A coded value domain defines a valid list of values for a field and prevents entry of any value outside that list. Subtypes group features within a layer but do not restrict field values, relationship classes manage associations between tables, and contingent values apply to a set of fields in a specific subtype.
The Select tool applies a SQL expression to an input feature class and writes the matching features to a new output feature class. Select Layer By Attribute only creates a selection on a layer, Feature Class To Feature Class converts formats without filtering, and Table Select works on tables rather than features.
Feature Class To Feature Class writes an input feature class to a new output feature class in a different workspace and preserves fields and attributes. Copy Features also copies data but is limited to the same workspace type in some contexts, Append requires an existing target, and Project changes coordinate systems.
The GlobalID data type stores a globally unique identifier that is automatically generated and maintained by the geodatabase. Object ID is unique only within a single feature class, GUID is a general identifier type not automatically managed as a GlobalID, and Text does not enforce uniqueness.
The Delete tool removes a data item such as a feature class or table from a workspace. Delete Features removes rows from a feature class, Truncate Table clears all rows while keeping the table, and Delete Rows is not a standard geoprocessing tool.
The Join Field tool permanently appends fields from one table to another based on a common key and copies the values into the target table. Add Join creates a temporary join, Calculate Field requires the join to already exist, and Spatial Join matches features by location rather than a key.
Feature Class To Feature Class converts an input feature class, including a shapefile, to a geodatabase feature class while allowing field mapping. Feature Class To Shapefile converts in the opposite direction, Copy Features is less flexible for format conversion, and Export Features is a newer tool with similar capability but Feature Class To Feature Class is the standard conversion tool.
A composite relationship with both forward and backward notification messages ensures that deleting the origin feature also deletes the destination records. Simple relationships do not enforce referential integrity, and partial notification does not guarantee cascading deletes.
The Clip tool extracts features that lie within the clip boundary and writes them to a new feature class. Intersect returns overlapping portions of both inputs, Select By Location creates a selection rather than a new feature class, and Erase removes features inside the boundary.
The Create Topology tool creates a topology in a geodatabase and allows you to add rules such as 'Must Not Overlap'. Create Feature Class creates a new dataset, Validate Topology checks existing topology errors, and Add Rule To Topology adds rules to an existing topology.
An enterprise geodatabase with versioning allows multiple editors to work concurrently in separate versions and later reconcile and post changes. File and mobile geodatabases do not support multiuser versioned editing, and personal geodatabases are legacy and limited.
The Add Field tool adds a new field to a feature class or table. Alter Field modifies existing field properties, Create Field is not a standard tool, and Add Attribute is not a geoprocessing tool.
The Split By Attributes tool creates a new feature class for each unique value of a specified field. Select creates a single output, Dissolve merges features, and Feature Class To Feature Class does not split by attribute values.
The Calculate Geometry Attributes tool computes geometric properties such as area and writes them to a field. Add Geometry Attributes is a deprecated tool, Calculate Field requires a Python expression, and Geometry Calculator is not a tool name.
A domain assigned to a field applies to all subtypes by default, but you can assign different domains to the same field for each subtype. Domains and subtypes can be used together, and domains are not automatically unique per subtype.
The Merge tool combines multiple input datasets into a single output and provides field mapping to resolve schema differences. Append adds records to an existing dataset, Union combines polygons and splits overlapping areas, and Dissolve aggregates features by common values.
The Export Features tool creates a new feature class from selected features or from a layer with a selection. Copy Features copies all features, Select creates a selection, and Feature Class To Feature Class copies the entire feature class without filtering.
The Integrate tool adjusts features to share coincident geometry and removes overlaps and gaps within a specified tolerance. Eliminate merges small polygons into neighbors, Feature To Polygon creates polygons from lines, and Repair Geometry fixes invalid geometries but does not resolve overlaps.
The Current Workspace environment setting determines the default location for geoprocessing outputs. Workspace is a general term, Scratch Workspace is for temporary data, and Output Coordinate System controls spatial reference rather than storage location.
A Date field with a default value of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP automatically records the creation time when a new feature is added. Text fields do not store date/time values natively, domains restrict values but do not populate them, and Object ID fields store unique identifiers rather than timestamps.
The Table Select tool extracts rows from a table that match a SQL expression and writes them to a new table. Select works on feature classes, Create Table creates an empty table, and Copy Rows copies all rows without filtering.
The Project tool transforms the coordinates of a feature class from one coordinate system to another. Define Projection only updates metadata, Project Raster works on rasters, and Transform Features applies a transformation to features within the same coordinate system.
The Object ID field is automatically populated with a unique sequential number, so calculating a field from it provides a unique identifier. Random numbers are not sequential or guaranteed unique, Add Field does not create auto-incrementing fields, and Create Random Points creates features rather than populating a field.
The Truncate Table tool removes all rows from a table or feature class but leaves the schema and dataset in place. Delete Features removes selected rows, Delete removes the entire dataset, and Erase removes features based on a spatial boundary.