EAU Entrance Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

D'Amico risk groups

Prostate cancer stratification using PSA, Gleason score, and clinical T stage: low, intermediate, and high risk. It guides treatment selection such as active surveillance, radiotherapy, or radical prostatectomy.

BCG intravesical therapy

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin instilled into the bladder for high-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, including CIS. It reduces recurrence and progression by inducing local immune activation.

Renal cell carcinoma subtypes

Clear cell carcinoma is the most common type, associated with VHL inactivation. Papillary and chromophobe subtypes have different genetics and generally lower responses to VEGF-targeted therapy.

Testicular tumor markers

Alpha-fetoprotein is elevated in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors but never in pure seminoma. Beta-HCG can be elevated in both. Markers guide diagnosis, staging, and monitoring.

PDE5 inhibitor contraindication

PDE5 inhibitors are contraindicated with nitrates because both cause vasodilation and can produce severe hypotension. They are also used cautiously with alpha-blockers and in severe cardiovascular disease.

Ischemic priapism management

Ischemic priapism is a painful, rigid erection lasting over four hours and is an emergency. Treatment includes aspiration, irrigation, and intracavernosal phenylephrine; surgery is needed if conservative measures fail.

Varicocele laterality

About 90% of varicoceles occur on the left because the left internal spermatic vein drains at a right angle into the left renal vein, increasing venous pressure. Right-sided varicocele warrants imaging.

Premature ejaculation treatment

Lifelong premature ejaculation begins with first sexual experiences; acquired forms develop later. Behavioral techniques, topical anesthetics, and SSRIs such as dapoxetine are treatment options.

Struvite stone management

Struvite stones form from urease-producing bacteria such as Proteus and cause staghorn calculi. Treatment requires complete stone removal plus eradication of infection to prevent recurrence.

Uric acid stone features

Uric acid stones are radiolucent on plain radiography and form in acidic urine. They can be dissolved by alkalinizing urine with potassium citrate and increasing fluid intake.

PCNL indications

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is first-line for renal stones larger than 20 mm and for lower pole stones over 10–15 mm. It has higher stone-free rates than shockwave lithotripsy for large stones.

Shockwave lithotripsy limits

Shockwave lithotripsy works best for stones under 20 mm with low density and short skin-to-stone distance. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, coagulopathy, and untreated urinary infection.

Stress incontinence first-line

Stress urinary incontinence is leakage with effort or sneezing due to urethral sphincter weakness. Pelvic floor muscle training is first-line; midurethral sling is standard surgical treatment.

Overactive bladder step therapy

Overactive bladder treatment starts with behavioral therapy and bladder training, then antimuscarinics or mirabegron. Third-line options include onabotulinumtoxinA, sacral neuromodulation, and tibial nerve stimulation.

Nocturnal polyuria definition

Nocturnal polyuria is present when nocturnal urine volume exceeds one-third of the 24-hour urine volume. It is a common cause of nocturia and is assessed with a bladder diary.

POP-Q staging

The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system measures prolapse at defined vaginal points relative to the hymen. Stage 0 is no prolapse; stage IV is complete eversion.

Uncomplicated cystitis treatment

First-line options include nitrofurantoin for five days, fosfomycin as a single dose, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for three days when local resistance is below 20%. Fluoroquinolones are reserved.

Complicated UTI with obstruction

Fever with ureteral obstruction requires urgent decompression by stent or nephrostomy plus culture-directed antibiotics. Antibiotics alone are insufficient and risk sepsis and renal loss.

Fournier gangrene

Fournier gangrene is necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genitalia, usually polymicrobial and associated with diabetes. It requires urgent surgical debridement and broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Epididymitis pathogens

In sexually active young men, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are common causes. Older men more often have Gram-negative enteric organisms. Treatment includes ceftriaxone plus doxycycline when STI is suspected.

Vesicoureteral reflux grading

Reflux is graded I to V by the extent of retrograde flow on voiding cystourethrography. Lower grades often resolve spontaneously; higher grades and breakthrough infections may need surgery.

Hypospadias triad

Hypospadias consists of a ventral meatus, ventral penile curvature called chordee, and a dorsal hood. Circumcision should be deferred before repair, which is usually done at 6–18 months.

Orchiopexy timing

For an undescended testis not descended by six months, orchiopexy is recommended, ideally by 12–18 months. Early surgery reduces risks of infertility and testicular malignancy.

Posterior urethral valves

Posterior urethral valves cause antenatal hydronephrosis, a thick-walled bladder, and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis in male infants. Diagnosis is confirmed by voiding cystourethrography and treated with catheter drainage and valve ablation.

Renal transplant immunosuppression

Maintenance therapy typically combines tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and corticosteroids after induction with basiliximab or anti-thymocyte globulin. Regimens are individualized by immunologic risk and donor type.

Hyperacute rejection

Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes due to preformed donor-specific antibodies. The graft becomes cyanotic and nonfunctioning; treatment is immediate graft removal and prevention by crossmatching.

Renal artery aneurysm repair

Most renal artery aneurysms are asymptomatic and managed by surveillance. Intervention is considered for size over 2 cm, rapid growth, or in women of childbearing age.

Urethral injury evaluation

Blood at the meatus or a high-riding prostate after trauma suggests urethral injury. Catheterization is avoided; retrograde urethrogram defines the site and extent of injury.

Bladder rupture types

Extraperitoneal bladder rupture after pelvic fracture is often managed with catheter drainage. Intraperitoneal rupture requires surgical repair because urine leaks into the peritoneal cavity.

Penile fracture repair

Penile fracture presents with a snap, detumescence, and hematoma from a torn tunica albuginea. Emergent surgical repair is standard; urethral injury coexists in 10–20% of cases.

Bosniak classification

The Bosniak system classifies renal cysts by CT features. Categories I and II are benign, III is indeterminate, and IV is malignant; contrast enhancement is the key feature.

Urodynamic pressure-flow study

A pressure-flow study during voiding distinguishes bladder outlet obstruction from detrusor underactivity. High pressure with low flow suggests obstruction; low pressure with low flow suggests underactivity.