EFOG-EBCOG Part 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Naegele's rule

Estimated delivery date is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period plus 280 days, or minus 3 months plus 7 days and 1 year.

Crown-rump length dating

Between 7 and 13+6 weeks, crown-rump length gives the most accurate gestational age, with measurement error of only a few days.

Abdominal circumference

The abdominal circumference is the most sensitive ultrasound parameter for detecting fetal growth restriction because fetal liver size falls first in placental insufficiency.

Oligohydramnios thresholds

Oligohydramnios is a deepest vertical pocket under 2 cm or amniotic fluid index under 5 cm, associated with renal agenesis and placental insufficiency.

Late decelerations

Late decelerations begin after the uterine contraction peak and recover after it ends, reflecting uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal hypoxaemia.

Variable decelerations

Variable decelerations are abrupt falls in fetal heart rate of variable shape and timing, typically caused by umbilical cord compression.

Preeclampsia diagnostic criteria

Preeclampsia is new hypertension after 20 weeks with proteinuria of at least 300 mg per 24 hours or evidence of maternal end-organ dysfunction.

Severe preeclampsia features

Severe features include blood pressure of 160/110 or higher, platelets below 100, rising creatinine, liver enzymes elevated, pulmonary oedema and cerebral or visual symptoms.

Primary postpartum haemorrhage

Primary postpartum haemorrhage is blood loss exceeding 500 mL after vaginal birth or 1000 mL after caesarean birth within 24 hours.

Four causes of postpartum haemorrhage

The four causes are tone (uterine atony), trauma (lacerations, rupture), tissue (retained placenta) and thrombin (coagulopathy), with atony accounting for most cases.

Anti-D prophylaxis timing

Anti-D immunoglobulin is given at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after delivery of an Rh-positive baby, and after miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or invasive procedures.

Magnesium sulphate toxicity

Magnesium toxicity causes loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression and oliguria; calcium gluconate is the antidote and creatinine must be monitored.

McRoberts manoeuvre

McRoberts manoeuvre hyperflexes the mother's hips onto her abdomen, rotating the symphysis pubis and opening the pelvic outlet in shoulder dystocia.

Gestational diabetes screening

A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24 to 28 weeks is diagnostic when fasting glucose is 5.1 mmol/L or higher, or 2-hour value 8.5 mmol/L or higher.

Chorionic villus sampling timing

Chorionic villus sampling is performed from 11 to 14 weeks, giving earlier results than amniocentesis but with a slightly higher miscarriage risk.

Amniocentesis timing

Amniocentesis is usually performed from 15 weeks onward, after membranes have fused, and carries a procedure-related miscarriage risk of roughly 0.5 percent.

Preterm labour tocolysis

Tocolysis buys time for antenatal corticosteroids and in-utero transfer; beta-agonists, nifedipine and atosiban are used, but not in chorioamnionitis.

Cervical screening start age

Cervical screening begins at age 25 in most programmes, with liquid-based cytology or HPV testing and recall intervals of three to five years.

HPV types in cervical cancer

High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 cause most cervical cancers; HPV testing is more sensitive but less specific than cytology for detecting disease.

Endometrial cancer risk factors

Obesity, unopposed oestrogen, nulliparity, diabetes, hypertension and tamoxifen use increase endometrial cancer risk; postmenopausal bleeding needs endometrial sampling.

Risk of malignancy index

The risk of malignancy index multiplies CA-125 by menopausal status score and ultrasound score to triage adnexal masses for referral to cancer centres.

Combined pill mechanism

Combined oral contraceptives suppress ovulation through negative feedback on gonadotropins and thicken cervical mucus, reducing sperm penetration.

Menopause definition

Menopause is diagnosed retrospectively after 12 months of amenorrhoea, occurs at an average age of 51 years, and shows raised FSH with low oestradiol.

Premature ovarian insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency is loss of ovarian function before age 40, causing amenorrhoea, elevated gonadotropins and infertility, requiring hormone replacement.

Ectopic pregnancy discrimination zone

A discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin level of roughly 1500 to 3500 IU/L means an intrauterine sac should be visible on transvaginal scan.

Methotrexate contraindications

Methotrexate is avoided in ectopic pregnancy with ruptured tube, haemodynamic instability, significant haemoperitoneum, or fetal cardiac activity with high hCG.

Rotterdam PCOS criteria

Polycystic ovary syndrome requires two of oligo-ovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology, after excluding thyroid, prolactin and adrenal causes.

Submucosal fibroid effect

Submucosal fibroids distort the uterine cavity and most strongly impair fertility and cause heavy menstrual bleeding compared with intramural or subserosal fibroids.

GnRH agonist in fibroids

GnRH agonists induce a hypo-oestrogenic state that shrinks fibroids and corrects anaemia before surgery, but cause menopausal symptoms and bone loss.

Granulosa cell tumour marker

Granulosa cell tumours of the ovary secrete inhibin, which serves as a tumour marker alongside oestrogen-related endometrial proliferation.

Yolk sac tumour marker

Yolk sac tumours secrete alpha-fetoprotein, which is used for diagnosis and for monitoring response to chemotherapy in germ cell tumours.

Endometriosis diagnosis

Endometriosis is diagnosed by laparoscopy, though empirical treatment with combined hormonal contraceptives or progestogens may precede surgical confirmation.