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European Baccalaureate Ancient Greek study materials
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European Baccalaureate Ancient Greek practice questions

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Question 1Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Classical Attic Greek, what is the genitive singular form of the first-declension feminine noun θάλαττα ('sea')?

  1. θαλάττης Correct answer.
  2. θαλάττας
  3. θαλάττῃ
  4. θαλαττῶν

Explanation

In Attic Greek, first-declension feminine nouns ending in double tau (-ττα) have an alpha impure in the nominative singular, which changes to η in the genitive singular (θαλάττης) and dative singular (θαλάττῃ). Alpha pure (retained as α in the genitive) occurs only when preceded by ε, ι, or ρ.

Question 2Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative/accusative plural form of the second-declension neuter noun δῶρον ('gift')?

  1. δῶροι
  2. δῶρα Correct answer.
  3. δώρους
  4. δώρων

Explanation

Second-declension neuter nouns end in -ον in the nominative singular and regularly take the short alpha ending (-α) in the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural (δῶρα).

Question 3Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the genitive singular form of the third-declension velar-stem noun φύλαξ ('guard', stem φυλακ-)?

  1. φύλακος Correct answer.
  2. φύλακι
  3. φύλακα
  4. φυλάκων

Explanation

Third-declension velar stems add the ending -ος to the consonant stem (φυλακ-) to form the genitive singular φύλακος. The nominative φύλαξ results from adding -ς to the stem (κ + ς = ξ).

Question 4Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In Classical Attic Greek, what is the present active infinitive form of the contract verb τιμάω ('to honor')?

  1. τιμᾶν Correct answer.
  2. τιμάειν
  3. τιμῶν
  4. τιμῆναι

Explanation

In Attic Greek, contract verbs in -άω contract -ά- + -ειν (originally -εν) into -ᾶν with a circumflex accent, producing τιμᾶν.

Question 5Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which case is used in Greek to express duration of time or extent of space (e.g. 'for three days') without a preposition?

  1. Genitive case
  2. Accusative case Correct answer.
  3. Dative case
  4. Nominative case

Explanation

The accusative case without a preposition expresses duration of time (e.g. τρεῖς ἡμέρας - 'for three days') and extent of space (e.g. δέκα στάδια - 'for ten stades').

Question 6Ancient Greek reading and translation

Translate: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸν λόγον ἀκούει.

  1. The man speaks the word
  2. The speech hears the man
  3. The man hears the speech Correct answer.
  4. The man heard the speeches

Explanation

ὁ ἄνθρωπος is nominative (subject), τὸν λόγον accusative (object), and ἀκούει is present: 'the man hears the speech'. Case endings, not word order, determine who does what to whom.

Question 7Ancient Greek reading and translation

Translate: οἱ στρατιῶται ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ ἐμάχοντο.

  1. The soldiers were fighting in the plain Correct answer.
  2. The soldiers fight in the sea
  3. The soldier fought on the mountain
  4. The soldiers will fight in the plain

Explanation

οἱ στρατιῶται is plural nominative, ἐμάχοντο is imperfect middle ('were fighting'), and ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ is 'in the plain'. The imperfect describes an ongoing past action.

Question 8Ancient Greek reading and translation

Translate: ὁ Σωκράτης ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀπέθανεν.

  1. Socrates died near the Athenians
  2. Socrates was put to death by the Athenians Correct answer.
  3. Socrates spoke on behalf of the Athenians
  4. The Athenians died because of Socrates

Explanation

ὑπό plus genitive with an intransitive verb of dying expresses the agent responsible: 'Socrates died at the hands of the Athenians' - a compressed reference to his execution in 399 BC. ἀποθνῄσκω with ὑπό is the standard idiom for being put to death.

Question 9Ancient Greek reading and translation

Choose the best translation: ὁ παῖς ταχέως τρέχει.

  1. The boy ran slowly
  2. The boys run quickly
  3. The quick boy runs
  4. The boy runs quickly Correct answer.

Explanation

ταχέως is an adverb ('quickly') modifying the verb τρέχει, and ὁ παῖς is singular: 'the boy runs quickly'. An adjective 'quick' modifying παῖς would be ὁ ταχὺς παῖς in attributive position.

Question 10Ancient Greek reading and translation

Translate: μὴ λέγε ταῦτα.

  1. Do not say these things Correct answer.
  2. He is not saying these things
  3. Let him not say these things
  4. Do not hear these things

Explanation

μή plus the present imperative λέγε is a prohibition in the second person: 'do not say these things' (or 'stop saying'). Indicative negation would use οὐ, so οὐ λέγεις means 'you are not saying'.

Question 11Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

How is the classical particle pair μέν ... δέ usually rendered in English unseen translation?

  1. Both ... and
  2. On the one hand ... on the other hand (or '... but ...') Correct answer.
  3. Neither ... nor
  4. Either ... or

Explanation

The particle correlation μέν ... δέ balances two contrasting or parallel clauses, conventionally translated as 'on the one hand ... on the other hand' or simply emphasizing the transition ('... but ...').

Question 12Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the function and postpositive position of the particle γάρ in Attic prose sentences?

  1. It stands first in the sentence and expresses a negative command
  2. It is a postpositive particle standing second in its clause, introducing a reason or explanation ('for, because') Correct answer.
  3. It is an enclitic pronoun meaning 'someone, anyone'
  4. It introduces a direct question expecting the answer 'yes'

Explanation

γάρ is a postpositive causal particle (never placed first in its sentence/clause) that provides explanation or justification, translated as 'for' or 'because'.

Question 13Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the primary lexical meaning of the high-frequency Attic verb βαίνω?

  1. To send, throw
  2. To go, step, walk Correct answer.
  3. To speak, say
  4. To rule, govern

Explanation

The verb βαίνω means 'to go', 'step', or 'walk'. In compounds (e.g. ἀναβαίνω, καταβαίνω, ἐκβαίνω) it denotes motion up, down, or out.

Question 14Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

When the prefix ἐκ- (or ἐξ- before vowels) is attached to a verb, what directional meaning does it add?

  1. Into, toward
  2. Out of, forth, away from Correct answer.
  3. Under, secretly
  4. Around, about

Explanation

The preverb ἐκ-/ἐξ- denotes motion 'out of' or 'forth' (e.g. ἐκβαίνω - 'go out', ἐξελαύνω - 'drive out'), or completion/thoroughness.

Question 15Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

How does the meaning of the preposition διά differ when followed by the Genitive vs Accusative case?

  1. διά + Genitive = 'through' | διά + Accusative = 'on account of, because of' Correct answer.
  2. διά + Genitive = 'on account of' | διά + Accusative = 'through'
  3. διά + Genitive = 'with' | διά + Accusative = 'against'
  4. διά + Genitive = 'without' | διά + Accusative = 'in front of'

Explanation

διά followed by the Genitive case indicates physical or temporal transit ('through', 'by means of'), whereas διά followed by the Accusative case indicates cause or reason ('on account of', 'because of').

Question 16Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

What is the poetic meter of Homer's epic poems Iliad and Odyssey?

  1. Iambic trimeter
  2. Dactylic hexameter Correct answer.
  3. Elegiac couplet
  4. Trochaic tetrameter

Explanation

Homeric epic poetry is composed entirely in Dactylic Hexameter, a line consisting of six metrical feet made up of dactyls (- ˘ ˘) and spondees (- -).

Question 17Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

What central theme is explicitly announced in the very first line of Homer's Iliad (Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος)?

  1. The homecoming journey of Odysseus
  2. The wrath (μῆνις) of Achilles, son of Peleus Correct answer.
  3. The founding of Rome by Aeneas
  4. The trial and death of Socrates

Explanation

The first word of the Iliad is Μῆνιν ('wrath'), establishing the destructive anger of Achilles as the central thematic engine of the entire epic.

Question 18Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

Which Classical Greek author wrote the Apology (Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους), presenting Socrates' defense speech before the Athenian jury in 399 BC?

  1. Thucydides
  2. Plato Correct answer.
  3. Aristophanes
  4. Euripides

Explanation

Plato composed the Apology as a philosophical dramatization of the speech delivered by his mentor Socrates at his trial in Athens.

Question 19Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

In Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus Rex (Oedipus Tyrannus), what mythical creature's riddle does Oedipus solve to become King of Thebes?

  1. The Minotaur
  2. The Sphinx Correct answer.
  3. The Chimera
  4. The Hydra

Explanation

Oedipus saves Thebes by solving the riddle of the Sphinx ('What walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening? Answer: Man'), whereupon the grateful city crowns him king.

Question 20Greek literature, rhetoric and interpretation

What metrical form is used for spoken dialogue in Classical Attic tragedy (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides)?

  1. Dactylic hexameter
  2. Iambic trimeter Correct answer.
  3. Anapestic dimeter
  4. Choriambic hendecasyllable

Explanation

Spoken dialogue between actors in Greek drama is composed in Iambic Trimeter, considered by Aristotle in Poetics to be the meter closest to natural speech.

Question 21Ancient Greek history, society and reception

Which Athenian archon and lawgiver instituted political and economic reforms in 594 BC, including the Seisachtheia ('shaking off of burdens') that abolished debt slavery?

  1. Draco
  2. Solon Correct answer.
  3. Peisistratos
  4. Pericles

Explanation

Solon was appointed archon in 594 BC to resolve agrarian crisis in Attica; his Seisachtheia cancelled agricultural debts, freed debt slaves, and divided citizens into four property classes (pentakosiomedimnoi, hippeis, zeugitai, thetes).

Question 22Ancient Greek history, society and reception

At which famous battle in 490 BC did Athenian hoplites under Miltiades defeat the invading Persian force sent by King Darius I?

  1. Battle of Thermopylae
  2. Battle of Marathon Correct answer.
  3. Battle of Salamis
  4. Battle of Plataea

Explanation

The Battle of Marathon (490 BC) was a decisive victory for Athenian and Plataean hoplites against the first Persian invasion of Greece commanded by Datis and Artaphernes.

Question 23Ancient Greek history, society and reception

What was the Boule (Βουλή) in Classical Athenian democratic governance?

  1. The assembly of all 30,000 adult male citizens
  2. The Council of 500 citizens chosen by lot to prepare agenda business for the Assembly (Ekklesia) Correct answer.
  3. The supreme military council of ten generals (Strategoi)
  4. The religious council of Apollo's priests

Explanation

The Boule (Council of 500) consisted of 50 citizens selected annually by lot from each of the 10 Cleisthenic tribes; it managed daily administration and prepared legislation (probouleuma) for the Ekklesia.

Question 24Ancient Greek history, society and reception

What mountain was revered in ancient Greek mythology as the home of Zeus and the twelve principal pantheon gods?

  1. Mount Parnassus
  2. Mount Olympus Correct answer.
  3. Mount Helicon
  4. Mount Taygetus

Explanation

Mount Olympus, located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, was believed to be the home of the Olympian gods.

Question 25Ancient Greek history, society and reception

In what year was the philosopher Socrates tried, convicted, and executed by drinking hemlock in Athens?

  1. 490 BC
  2. 399 BC Correct answer.
  3. 323 BC
  4. 146 BC

Explanation

Socrates was brought to trial in 399 BC on charges of impiety (asebeia) and corrupting the youth, sentenced to death, and executed by drinking hemlock.

Question 26Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the 1st person singular future active indicative form of the verb λύω ('to loosen, destroy')?

  1. ἔλυσα
  2. λύσω Correct answer.
  3. λέλυκα
  4. λυθήσομαι

Explanation

Vowel-stem verbs form the future active indicative by inserting the tense suffix -σ- between the verb stem and the primary active endings, yielding λύσω ('I will loosen').

Question 27Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which preposition paired with the genitive case denotes the personal agent performing the action of a passive verb (e.g. 'by the soldiers')?

  1. ὑπό Correct answer.
  2. παρά
  3. ἀπό
  4. μετά

Explanation

The preposition ὑπό followed by a genitive noun expresses the personal agent performing the action of a passive verb (e.g. νικᾶται ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων - 'he is defeated by the enemy').

Question 28Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In the sentence ἔβαλον αὐτὸν λίθοις ('They struck him with stones'), what syntax role does λίθοις perform?

  1. Dative of manner
  2. Dative of instrument or means Correct answer.
  3. Dative of possessor
  4. Dative of advantage

Explanation

The dative of instrument or means (dative instrumentalis) expresses the inanimate tool or physical object with which an action is performed, here λίθοις ('with stones').

Question 29Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the 1st person singular strong (second) aorist active indicative of the verb λαμβάνω ('to take, receive')?

  1. ἐλάμβανον
  2. ἔλαβον Correct answer.
  3. εἴληφα
  4. ληφθήσομαι

Explanation

The verb λαμβάνω forms a strong (second) aorist active using the weak stem λαβ- with prefix augment and secondary active endings, yielding ἔλαβον ('I took').

Question 30Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the 3rd person plural present active indicative form of the mi-verb δίδωμι ('to give') in Classical Attic Greek?

  1. διδόασι(ν) Correct answer.
  2. δίδοντι
  3. διδῶσι(ν)
  4. διδόασιναι

Explanation

In Attic prose, the 3rd person plural present active indicative of δίδωμι takes the irregular ending -ᾱσι(ν), forming διδόασι(ν) ('they give').

Question 31Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What defines the structure and grammatical function of a Genitive Absolute construction in Classical Greek?

  1. A noun and participle in the genitive case grammatically independent of the main sentence structure, acting as an adverbial clause Correct answer.
  2. A genitive noun modified by an adjective that functions as the direct object of a transitive verb
  3. A participle agreeing in case, gender, and number with the subject of the main finite verb
  4. A genitive noun expressing the personal agent of a passive main verb accompanied by the preposition ὑπό

Explanation

The Genitive Absolute consists of a noun or pronoun and a participle in the genitive case that are grammatically disconnected ('ab-solute') from the main sentence, functioning as a temporal, causal, conditional, or concessive adverbial clause.

Question 32Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In secondary sequence (following a main verb in a past tense), what mood may replace the indicative or subjunctive in an indirect question?

  1. Imperative mood
  2. Oblique Optative (optativus obliquus) Correct answer.
  3. Infinitive mood
  4. Gerundive mood

Explanation

In secondary sequence (after past tenses like imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect), Greek syntax permits the verb in an indirect question or indirect statement to shift into the oblique optative (optativus obliquus) to reflect reported speech in past time.

Question 33Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which conjunctions introduce a Purpose (Final) Clause in Classical Greek, and what mood follows them in primary sequence?

  1. ὥστε or ὡς + Infinitive
  2. ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς + Subjunctive Correct answer.
  3. εἰ or ἐάν + Indicative
  4. ἐπεί or ἐπειδή + Optative

Explanation

Purpose (final) clauses are introduced by ἵνα, ὅπως, or ὡς (negated by μή) and require the Subjunctive mood when dependent on a main verb in primary sequence (present, future, perfect).

Question 34Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

How does a result clause constructed with ὥστε + Infinitive differ in meaning from ὥστε + Indicative?

  1. ὥστε + Infinitive expresses an intended or natural result, whereas ὥστε + Indicative expresses an actual, historical fact Correct answer.
  2. ὥστε + Infinitive is used only in poetry, while ὥστε + Indicative is reserved for legal speeches
  3. ὥστε + Infinitive expresses a past purpose, while ὥστε + Indicative expresses a future command
  4. There is no semantic difference between the two constructions

Explanation

In Classical Greek syntax, ὥστε + Infinitive states the natural or intended result (whether or not it actually occurred in fact), whereas ὥστε + Indicative states an actual, historical result that positively occurred.

Question 35Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which combination of mood and particle forms a Past Contrary-to-Fact Conditional sentence in Classical Greek?

  1. Protasis: εἰ + Aorist Indicative | Apodosis: Aorist Indicative + ἄν Correct answer.
  2. Protasis: ἐάν + Subjunctive | Apodosis: Future Indicative
  3. Protasis: εἰ + Optative | Apodosis: Optative + ἄν
  4. Protasis: εἰ + Present Indicative | Apodosis: Present Indicative

Explanation

A Past Contrary-to-Fact condition uses εἰ + a past secondary tense of the indicative (usually Aorist Indicative) in the protasis, and an Aorist Indicative accompanied by the modal particle ἄν in the apodosis.

Question 36Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In the phrase τυφλὸς τὰ ὄμματα ('blind as to his eyes'), what specific syntax role is played by τὰ ὄμματα?

  1. Accusative subject of an infinitive
  2. Accusative of respect or specification Correct answer.
  3. Cognate accusative
  4. Adverbial accusative of duration

Explanation

The Accusative of Respect (or Specification) limits the application of an adjective, noun, or verb by specifying 'in respect to what' the statement is true (here: blind in respect to his eyes).

Question 37Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the grammatical meaning of the verbal adjective ending in -τέος (e.g. ποιητέον ἐστίν)?

  1. Expresses capability or possibility ('able to be done')
  2. Expresses obligation or necessity ('must be done / ought to be done') Correct answer.
  3. Expresses past completed action without obligation
  4. Expresses a future wish or prayer

Explanation

Verbal adjectives in -τέος, -τέᾱ, -τέον convey passive necessity or duty ('must be done', 'ought to be done'), equivalent to the Latin gerundive (-ndus). The agent is expressed in the dative case.

Question 38Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which construction is regularly used in Classical Greek for indirect discourse following verbs of physical or mental perception such as οἶδα ('I know') and ὁρῶ ('I see')?

  1. Accusative + Infinitive only
  2. Participial Indirect Discourse (Supplementary Participle in nominative or accusative) Correct answer.
  3. ἵνα + Subjunctive
  4. Genitive Absolute

Explanation

Verbs of knowing, seeing, hearing, and perceiving (οἶδα, ὁρῶ, ἀκούω, αἰσθάνομαι) take indirect discourse expressed by a supplementary participle agreeing with the subject (nominative) or object (accusative), e.g. οἶδα θνητὸς ὤν ('I know that I am mortal').

Question 39Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the structural formula of a Future Less Vivid ('should/would') conditional sentence in Classical Greek?

  1. Protasis: εἰ + Present Indicative | Apodosis: Future Indicative
  2. Protasis: εἰ + Optative | Apodosis: Optative + ἄν Correct answer.
  3. Protasis: ἐάν + Subjunctive | Apodosis: Future Indicative
  4. Protasis: εἰ + Imperfect Indicative | Apodosis: Imperfect Indicative + ἄν

Explanation

A Future Less Vivid condition uses εἰ + Optative in the protasis ('if he should do X') and Optative + ἄν in the apodosis ('he would do Y').

Question 40Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What tense stem suffix characterizes the first (weak) aorist passive indicative (e.g. ἐπαιδεύθην)?

  1. -σα-
  2. -θη- Correct answer.
  3. -κα-
  4. -σε-

Explanation

First aorist passive verbs form their stem by adding the tense marker -θη- to the verb stem (accompanied by prefix augment and active secondary endings), yielding forms like ἐπαιδεύθην ('I was educated').

Question 41Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

How does the meaning of the 2nd aorist intransitive form ἔστην differ from the 1st aorist transitive form ἔστησα of the mi-verb ἵστημι?

  1. ἔστην means 'I stood' (intransitive), whereas ἔστησα means 'I set up / placed' (transitive) Correct answer.
  2. ἔστην means 'I set up' (transitive), whereas ἔστησα means 'I stood' (intransitive)
  3. ἔστην means 'I was standing' (imperfect), whereas ἔστησα means 'I will stand' (future)
  4. There is no difference in meaning between these two forms

Explanation

The verb ἵστημι exhibits split transitivity: 1st aorist active ἔστησα is causative/transitive ('I set up, erected'), whereas 2nd aorist active ἔστην is root/intransitive ('I stood, took my stand').

Question 42Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

Which archaic genitive singular ending in Homeric Epic corresponds to the Attic second-declension genitive singular ending -ου (e.g. θεοῖο for θεοῦ)?

  1. -άων
  2. -οιο Correct answer.
  3. -εσσι
  4. -φι

Explanation

In Homeric epic poetry, second-declension masculine and neuter nouns frequently retain the archaic epic genitive singular ending -οιο (e.g. θεοῖο, πολέμοιο), alongside -ου and -οο.

Question 43Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What is the nominative/accusative dual ending for second-declension masculine nouns in Classical Greek (e.g. 'two gods')?

  1. -ω (e.g. τὼ θεώ) Correct answer.
  2. -οιν (e.g. τοῖν θεοῖν)
  3. -α (e.g. τὼ θεά)
  4. -ους (e.g. τοὺς θεούς)

Explanation

In Classical Greek, the dual number for second-declension nouns ends in -ω for nominative, accusative, and vocative dual (e.g. τὼ θεώ - 'the two gods').

Question 44Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

In fear clauses introduced by δέδοικα/ἐφοβούμην μή ('I fear lest...'), how does the verb mood change when shifting from primary sequence to secondary sequence?

  1. Subjunctive in primary sequence may shift to Optative in secondary sequence Correct answer.
  2. Indicative in primary sequence shifts to Imperative in secondary sequence
  3. Optative in primary sequence shifts to Infinitive in secondary sequence
  4. Participle in primary sequence shifts to Subjunctive in secondary sequence

Explanation

Clauses of fearing take μή (or μὴ οὐ) + Subjunctive after primary tenses (e.g. φοβοῦμαι μὴ ἔλθῃ - 'I fear he may come'). In secondary sequence, the Subjunctive may be retained or replaced by the Oblique Optative (e.g. ἐφοβούμην μὴ ἔλθοι).

Question 45Ancient Greek morphology and syntax

What syntactic phenomenon occurs in the phrase ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἧς (for ήν) κέκτησθε ('worthy of the freedom which you possess')?

  1. Inverse relative attraction (attractio inversa)
  2. Relative attraction (attractio relativi), where the relative pronoun is attracted from accusative to the genitive case of its antecedent Correct answer.
  3. Cognate accusative agreement
  4. Genitive Absolute subordination

Explanation

Relative attraction (attractio relativi) occurs when a relative pronoun that would regularly be in the accusative direct object case is attracted into the genitive or dative case of its immediate antecedent (here ἧς attracted to genitive ἐλευθερίας instead of accusative ήν).

Question 46Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the primary historical and political meaning of the Greek noun πόλις in Classical prose?

  1. A rural farmstead or agricultural village
  2. A sovereign city-state and its community of citizens Correct answer.
  3. A military fortress occupied exclusively by mercenaries
  4. A royal palace belonging to a foreign monarch

Explanation

In Classical Greek prose, πόλις signifies the autonomous city-state comprising both its urban center and surrounding territory, as well as the body of citizens who constitute its sovereign political order.

Question 47Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

How does the translation of αὐτός change between attributive position (ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ) and predicate position (αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ)?

  1. Attributive: 'the same man' | Predicate: 'the man himself' Correct answer.
  2. Attributive: 'the man himself' | Predicate: 'the same man'
  3. Attributive: 'that man' | Predicate: 'this man'
  4. Attributive: 'a certain man' | Predicate: 'every man'

Explanation

In the attributive position (between article and noun: ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ), αὐτός means 'same' ('the same man'). In the predicate position (outside article-noun unit: αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός), it functions as an intensive pronoun ('the man himself').

Question 48Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

How does prefixing the preverb ἀπο- to the verb δίδωμι ('to give') alter its meaning in business or legal prose (ἀποδίδωμι)?

  1. To give away as a gift
  2. To give back, pay what is due, or sell (in middle voice) Correct answer.
  3. To refuse to give
  4. To give secretly

Explanation

The prefix ἀπο- ('from, away, back') modifies δίδωμι to mean 'give back, pay off a debt/obligation', or in the middle voice (ἀποδίδομαι) 'sell' (give away in exchange for money).

Question 49Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

What is the translation of the preposition παρά when followed by a Genitive case (παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως)?

  1. To the house of the king
  2. From the king (from the side of the king) Correct answer.
  3. Beside the king
  4. Contrary to the king's law

Explanation

παρά + Genitive indicates origin or motion from a person ('from the side of', 'from', e.g. παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως - 'from the king').

Question 50Ancient Greek lexicon and derivatives

In Platonic philosophical prose, which of the following best captures the rich semantic range of the noun λόγος?

  1. Only a physical book scroll
  2. Speech, word, rational argument, explanation, or proportion Correct answer.
  3. Strictly divine mandate without human reasoning
  4. A poetic meter used in tragic choruses

Explanation

λόγος spans spoken words, speeches, logical arguments, rational accounts, explanations, and mathematical ratios/proportions throughout Platonic philosophy.