Marginal destination forecast, a wet alternate, and a fuel plan with almost no slack
You are flying a PA-28-181 from Seattle to Eugene (200 NM) under IFR, planning 9,000 ft. The airplane has 48 gal usable and burns 10 gph at 115 KTAS; you start with 34 gal and allow 1.5 gal for taxi and run-up. Your ETA at Eugene is 2300Z. Portland, 55 NM and about 0.5 hr north of Eugene, is your filed alternate. Forecasts: Eugene 2150Z 20012KT 5SM -RA BR OVC008, TEMPO 2200/2204 2SM RA BR OVC005, FM0000 21015G25KT 3SM RA BR OVC006. Portland 2150Z 19008KT P6SM SCT030 BKN060, FM0200 21015G25KT 4SM -SHRA BKN018. The route MEA is 6,000 ft, the freezing level is 7,500 ft, cloud tops are near 12,000 ft, and the airplane is not approved for known icing. There is no convective activity and no pilot reports.
1. Is an alternate required, and how do you evaluate the TEMPO group and the timing window?
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An alternate is required unless the destination forecast, for the period from 1 hour before to 1 hour after your ETA, shows at least a 2,000-ft ceiling and 3 SM visibility. Eugene's window is 2200Z to 0000Z. The main forecast body already shows OVC008, an 800-ft ceiling, so the alternate requirement is triggered before the TEMPO is even considered. The TEMPO 2200/2204 falls inside the window and drops visibility to 2 SM with OVC005; both values are below the trigger, so treat it as the likely condition rather than a remote possibility. Portland then has to satisfy the alternate minimums for the approach you would fly: 600 ft and 2 SM for a precision approach, 800 ft and 2 SM for a non-precision approach. For the alternate ETA window, Portland's forecast is P6SM SCT030 BKN060, far above either standard, and the FM0200 group remains legal too. The trap is assuming Eugene will improve enough to skip the alternate; both the TEMPO and the FM0000 OVC006 say the ceiling stays low, so plan to use the alternate.
2. Run the fuel plan. Is the flight legal as planned, and what decision follows?
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Required fuel is destination plus alternate plus 45 minutes at normal cruise. Destination: 200 NM at 115 KTAS is about 1.75 hr, or 17.5 gal. Alternate: 0.5 hr, or 5 gal. Reserve: 45 min, or 7.5 gal. Total 30 gal, plus 1.5 gal for taxi, equals 31.5 gal against 34 gal aboard. That is legal with roughly 2.5 gal, about 15 minutes, in reserve above the requirement. The margin exists only on paper: it assumes no missed approach, no holding, and the forecast winds. With Eugene at an 800-ft ceiling and TEMPO 2 SM, a missed approach is a realistic outcome, and a miss plus the alternate costs another 10 to 12 minutes. Any holding at either airport erases the margin entirely. With 15 minutes of slack, the correct decision is to add fuel (the airplane holds 48 gal usable, so there is room) or accept a plan that does not depend on the alternate. If you launch with 34 gal, set a hard decision point: a missed approach or any holding means diverting immediately, not after one more attempt.
3. You file 9,000 ft as planned. Given a freezing level of 7,500 ft, what are your options and what will you request?
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At 9,000 ft the OAT will be near -2 C with the freezing level at 7,500 ft, and the layer is solid up to 12,000 ft, so the flight would spend well over an hour in visible moisture below freezing in an airplane not approved for known icing. That is not a plan you can defend. The usable alternative is 6,000 ft: it is the MEA, it puts you about 1,500 ft below the freezing level in above-freezing air, and it is above the minimum vectoring altitude. It is also a correct even-thousand altitude for the southbound direction of flight. Ask for 6,000 ft when you file or when you pick up the clearance, and state plainly that you are unable to accept 9,000 because of icing. Expect a slower true airspeed and more fuel burn down low, so recheck the numbers from the fuel question. Monitor the OAT in the climb and be ready to request a further descent if the temperature at 6,000 ft approaches freezing or if any ice begins to accumulate, because ATC has no way to know what your airframe is picking up.