FY13CE Biology study plan

Draw and label the four major classes of biological macromolecules, naming their monomers, bonds, and two functions each

Explain how the amphipathic structure of phospholipids produces membrane bilayers and selectively permeable barriers

Compare passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and active transport by direction of movement and energy cost

Describe the roles of enzymes in lowering activation energy and predict the effect of a competitive inhibitor on reaction rate

Trace the flow of energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, stating the location and net ATP yield of each stage

Contrast aerobic respiration with fermentation in terms of final electron acceptor and ATP output

Outline the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle, identifying inputs and outputs of each

Sequence the stages of mitosis and meiosis and state the chromosome behavior that distinguishes them

Solve monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares and state expected phenotypic ratios

Apply the product and sum rules to calculate probabilities in multi-trait crosses

Distinguish incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles with one worked example each

Interpret pedigrees to determine whether a trait is autosomal or sex-linked and dominant or recessive

Describe the structure of DNA and the roles of helicase, polymerase, and ligase in replication

Explain transcription and translation, including codon-anticodon pairing and the effect of a point mutation on the protein product

Identify independent and dependent variables, controls, and constants in described experiments

Calculate and interpret a chi-square value to test whether observed ratios fit expected Mendelian ratios

Summarize Darwin's four postulates and give one biological example of natural selection producing measurable change

Define the biological species concept and identify two situations where it fails

Distinguish homologous from analogous structures and allopatric from sympatric speciation

State the Hardy-Weinberg conditions and calculate allele and genotype frequencies from given data

Order the major taxonomic groups and place representative phyla of animals and plants within them

Relate the structure of each tissue type to its function and identify where each occurs in the body

Trace blood flow through the mammalian heart and relate vessel structure to pressure and flow

Explain how negative feedback regulates blood glucose and body temperature, naming sensor, integrator, and effector

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems by signal speed, duration, and mode of transmission

Describe gas exchange at alveoli in terms of partial pressure gradients and surface area

Distinguish population, community, and ecosystem levels and give a measurable variable studied at each

Construct and interpret a food web, predicting the effect of removing a keystone species

Explain the carbon and nitrogen cycles, naming the organisms responsible for key transformations

Read a graph of population growth and identify exponential and logistic phases with carrying capacity

Evaluate a described sampling design for bias, sample size, and replication

Rank the six domains by your recorded practice-test accuracy and allocate review time accordingly

Re-derive the three weakest concepts from memory without notes and correct errors immediately

Complete two full-length timed practice tests under exam conditions

Review every missed item and classify each error as content gap, misreading, or time pressure