CAP Glacier Fabricant flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Payback period

Initial capital cost divided by annual net cash savings; it shows how long until cumulative savings recover the investment and ignores cash flows after that point.

Net present value

Sum of each year's net cash flow discounted at the hurdle rate, minus initial cost; a positive NPV supports proceeding with the automation project.

OEE

Overall equipment effectiveness equals availability times performance times quality; each factor is computed from run time, ideal cycle time, count, and good count.

Verifiable requirement

A requirement stating a measurable condition, a threshold, and a test method, so acceptance can be demonstrated objectively rather than judged subjectively.

IEC 61131-3 languages

The standard defines Ladder Diagram, Function Block Diagram, Structured Text, Instruction List, and Sequential Function Chart for PLC programming, aiding portability and maintainability.

Control narrative

A per-loop design document specifying measured variable, setpoint source, output range, failure action, alarm limits, and interlocks; it is the primary artifact programmers implement.

Factory acceptance test

A witnessed, scripted test at the vendor's facility with expected results per step; deviations are logged, dispositioned, and retested before shipment.

Loop check

Verification of the full path from field device through I/O card and controller to HMI for each tag, including scaling, alarm setpoints, and fail-safe output direction.

Regression testing

Re-running affected test cases plus interface cases after a change, with scope defined by change-impact analysis, to confirm nothing previously working was broken.

Management of change

A controlled process of request, impact assessment, approval, implementation, retest, and record update that preserves the validated state of the automation system.

MTBF and MTTR

Mean time between failures and mean time to repair; availability for a repairable system equals MTBF divided by the sum of MTBF and MTTR.

Alarm rationalization

ISA-18.2 practice of reviewing each alarm for cause, consequence, and required response, targeting a manageable steady-state rate near one alarm per ten minutes.

Safety lifecycle

IEC 61511 sequence from hazard and risk assessment through safety requirements specification, design, installation, validation, operation, and decommissioning.

SIL PFDavg bands

Probability of failure on demand average ranges: SIL 1 is 10⁻¹ to 10⁻², SIL 2 is 10⁻² to 10⁻³, SIL 3 is 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁴, SIL 4 is 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁵.

Zones and conduits

IEC 62443 concept grouping assets by trust level into zones and restricting traffic between them through defined conduits, isolating control from enterprise networks.

Fail-safe state

The de-energized condition of valves and actuators defined as safe; wiring, solenoid selection, and logic must all agree with the stated failure direction.

Traceability matrix

A table linking each requirement to its design element, implementation module, and test case; orphan requirements and orphan tests are both treated as defects.

FAT versus SAT

Factory acceptance testing occurs at the vendor before shipment; site acceptance testing occurs after installation and verifies the integrated system in its actual environment.

Punch list categories

Category A items block acceptance and must close before handover; category B items may close after handover under a dated, owned plan.

Verification versus validation

Verification confirms the system was built according to its specification; validation confirms the specified system meets the user's actual requirements.

ALARP principle

Risk is reduced as low as reasonably practicable, weighing the cost and difficulty of further reduction against the benefit gained.

Earned value metrics

EV equals percent complete times budget; CPI is EV divided by actual cost and SPI is EV divided by planned value, indicating cost and schedule health.

HAZOP guide words

Structured hazard study applying no, more, less, reverse, as well as, part of, and other than to design intent to find deviations and their consequences.

LOPA

Layer of protection analysis quantifies independent protection layers against a consequence severity target to determine required risk reduction and safety integrity.

Common-cause failure

A single shared cause disabling redundant channels simultaneously; diversity, physical separation, and different technologies reduce its probability.

Diagnostic coverage

The fraction of dangerous failures detected by built-in diagnostics; higher coverage lowers average probability of failure on demand for a safety function.

Proof test

Periodic end-to-end test of a safety instrumented function that reveals undetected dangerous failures; the interval and coverage set the achieved safety integrity.

Bypass management

Controlled handling of temporary safety defeats with authorization, logging, time limits, and removal verification before handover or return to normal operation.

Conflict of interest

A personal or financial interest that could improperly influence professional judgment; it must be disclosed to the employer or client before decisions are made.

Whistleblowing

Escalation to appropriate authorities when internal channels fail and public safety or health is at risk; professional codes permit or require such disclosure.

PDCA cycle

Plan-do-check-act structures improvement: define a measurable target, implement, verify results against the target, and standardize or adjust.

Time synchronization

Aligning clocks across controllers, servers, and historians using NTP or PTP so that event sequences can be reconstructed accurately during troubleshooting.