Concours CCINP - independent subject practice key terms

Convergence at each fixed point with an index that may depend on that point, which does not alone control errors across the whole domain.

Convergence in which one sequence index controls the prescribed error simultaneously for every point in the stated domain.

One integrable absolute bound applying to the entire sequence in a dominated-convergence argument, rather than an individually chosen bound for each term.

Convergence of the series of supremum norms in the specified setting, a sufficient condition for uniform absolute control of the series.

The distance from the center within which a power series converges absolutely, with boundary points requiring their own analysis.

The matrix of second partial derivatives under suitable differentiability, used with its quadratic form to analyze local behavior near stationary points.

A condition on constraints that supports the applicability of an optimization theorem, so formal multiplier equations are not used without hypotheses.

The matrix of pairwise inner products of basis vectors, used to compute projection coefficients when the basis is not orthonormal.

The subspace element whose residual is orthogonal to that subspace under the stated inner product, with existence depending on the relevant setting.

A matrix transformation of a bilinear or quadratic form of the type P* A P, distinct from similarity of linear operators.

The supremum or maximum modulus of spectral values in the relevant setting, distinct from the largest singular value of a general matrix.

A norm measuring the largest output magnitude for unit input under specified vector norms, which must not be confused with an arbitrary matrix entry.

A measure of sensitivity of a problem’s solution to specified relative input perturbations, depending on the norm and formulation used.

Control of the effects of computational perturbations and round-off by an algorithm, distinct from conditioning of the exact mathematical problem.

The discrepancy obtained by substituting an approximate solution into the original equation, which may not directly equal the solution error.

A root-solving update using a function value and derivative, whose local convergence depends on root and initialization conditions.

A property of a numerical evolution method controlling growth on a specified test equation and step size, separate from approximation accuracy.

An independent coordinate describing a constrained mechanical configuration, chosen consistently with the model’s degrees of freedom.

A characteristic coupled oscillation pattern with a shared frequency obtained from the appropriate mass and stiffness eigenvalue problem.

An idealized process with no heat transfer and no entropy production, unlike an arbitrary irreversible adiabatic process.

The SI amount-of-substance unit; one mole contains exactly 6.02214076 × 10^23 specified elementary entities. The type of entity must be identified when converting particle counts to amounts.

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole and numerically equal to its relative formula mass. It converts between mass and amount in stoichiometric calculations.

The reactant that is used up first in a reaction and therefore fixes the maximum amount of product formed. Other reactants are said to be in excess.

The actual mass of product obtained expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum calculated from stoichiometry. Losses arise from side reactions, incomplete reaction and handling.

The heat transferred at constant pressure during a reaction, given the symbol delta H. Negative values indicate exothermic processes; positive values indicate endothermic ones.

The principle that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the route taken, so indirect paths can be combined. It allows calculation of changes that cannot be measured directly.

The average energy required to break one mole of a particular bond in gaseous molecules. Summing broken minus formed bond enthalpies estimates the enthalpy change of a gas-phase reaction.

The experimental measurement of heat exchanged, usually by tracking a temperature change in a known mass of water or solution. The result is calculated with q = mc delta T.

The minimum extra energy reacting particles must possess for a collision to produce products. Raising temperature or adding a catalyst increases the fraction of collisions that succeed.

A substance that speeds a reaction by providing an alternative pathway of lower activation energy, without being consumed overall. It changes rate but not the position of equilibrium.