GACE Elementary Education (P-5) (702) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words, such as blending or segmenting the sounds in 'cat'.

Phonics

The instructional approach that teaches the relationship between letters (graphemes) and the sounds (phonemes) they represent to decode and spell words.

Reading fluency

The ability to read text accurately, at an appropriate rate, and with expression; it links word recognition to comprehension and is often measured in words correct per minute.

Miscue analysis

A running-record procedure where a teacher examines a reader's errors to determine whether they reflect meaning, syntax, or visual/letter cues.

Six Traits of Writing

A framework for evaluating writing: ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions.

Place value

A base-10 system in which each digit's value depends on its position; each place is ten times the value of the place to its right.

Distributive property

The rule that a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c), allowing a product to be split into simpler parts for mental math and multi-digit multiplication.

Equivalent fractions

Fractions that name the same value, produced by multiplying or dividing both numerator and denominator by the same nonzero number, such as 1/2 = 2/4.

Mean, median, mode

Mean is the sum divided by the count; median is the middle value when ordered; mode is the most frequent value.

Area of a triangle

The area equals one-half times the base times the height, written A = ½ × b × h.

Order of operations

Evaluate parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.

Independent variable

The factor the investigator deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment; the dependent variable is what is measured in response.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection or runoff on Earth's surface.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and release oxygen.

Food chain order

Energy flows from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers and finally to decomposers; arrows point in the direction of energy transfer.

Conductors and insulators

Conductors such as metals allow heat and electricity to flow easily; insulators such as rubber, wood, and plastic resist that flow.

Newton's second law

Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma); a larger force or smaller mass produces greater acceleration.

Three branches of government

Legislative makes laws, executive enforces laws, and judicial interprets laws; each branch checks the powers of the others.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protecting individual freedoms such as speech, religion, and a fair trial.

Five themes of geography

Location, place, human–environment interaction, movement, and region-a framework for organizing geographic study.

Primary vs. secondary sources

Primary sources are firsthand records from the period (letters, artifacts); secondary sources interpret or analyze those records (textbooks, biographies).

Supply and demand

When demand exceeds supply, price tends to rise; when supply exceeds demand, price tends to fall.

FITT principle

A fitness-planning framework standing for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of activity.

Health-related fitness components

Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Elements of art

The basic visual building blocks: line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space.

Principles of design

Guidelines for arranging art elements, including balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, and unity.

Piaget's stages

Sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), and formal operational (11+) describe stages of cognitive development.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Formative vs. summative assessment

Formative assessment monitors learning during instruction to guide teaching; summative assessment measures achievement at the end of a unit.

Differentiation

Adapting content, process, or product in response to students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles so all can access the curriculum.

IEP vs. 504 plan

An IEP provides individualized special education and related services under IDEA; a 504 plan provides accommodations for a disability under Section 504.

Bloom's taxonomy

A hierarchy of cognitive objectives ordered from lower to higher demand: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create.