GACE ESOL (727) flashcards
GACE ESOL (727) · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Phoneme
- The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning in a language, such as the /k/ and /b/ contrast in cat and bat.
- Allophone
- A variant pronunciation of a single phoneme that does not change word meaning, such as aspirated p in pot versus unaspirated p in spot.
- Morpheme
- The smallest meaningful unit of language; free morphemes stand alone, while bound morphemes such as -ed or re- must attach to other forms.
- Inflectional morpheme
- A grammatical suffix that never changes word class, such as plural -s, past -ed, or comparative -er; English has only eight inflectional morphemes.
- Derivational morpheme
- An affix that changes a word's meaning or grammatical category, as when teach becomes teacher or happy becomes unhappy; it may be a prefix or suffix.
- Grapheme-phoneme correspondence
- The mapping between written letters and spoken sounds; English has roughly 44 phonemes and 26 letters, so the relationship is many-to-many and often irregular.
- Pragmatics
- The study of meaning in context, including speech acts, implicature, and presupposition, as opposed to the literal word meaning studied in semantics.
- BICS
- Basic interpersonal communicative skills: conversational fluency that typically develops in one to three years and is often mistaken for full English proficiency.
- CALP
- Cognitive academic language proficiency: the decontextualized, subject-specific language of schooling, typically requiring five to seven years to develop.
- Interlanguage
- The learner's own rule-governed transitional system, which differs from both the first language and the target language and changes as new rules are acquired.
- Fossilization
- The stabilization of non-target language forms in a learner's interlanguage, persisting despite continued exposure and instruction, often when feedback is limited.
- Affective filter
- A Krashen construct describing how anxiety, low motivation, or low self-confidence can block learners from taking in otherwise comprehensible second-language input.
- Comprehensible input
- Krashen's claim that acquisition occurs when learners receive language slightly beyond their current level, often labeled i+1, and can infer meaning from context.
- Silent period
- The preproduction stage of second-language development in which a learner comprehends but produces little speech, often lasting weeks to months and not indicating failure.
- Code-switching
- The rule-governed alternation between two languages within a conversation or sentence, a normal bilingual practice rather than evidence of confusion.
- Subtractive bilingualism
- A programmatic or social pattern in which the second language replaces the first, so the learner loses home-language skills instead of adding a second language.
- Additive bilingualism
- An approach in which the first language and culture are maintained while the second language is added, supporting identity and academic development.
- SIOP model
- Sheltered instruction framework with eight components, from lesson preparation and building background through interaction, practice, delivery, and review and assessment.
- Language objective
- A lesson goal naming the language function and form students will use, plus the support provided, such as explaining cause with because in a sentence frame.
- Sheltered instruction
- Teaching grade-level content in English with visuals, modeling, and adapted language so English learners can access rigorous material without lowered cognitive demands.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary, contingent support such as models, organizers, or frames that is gradually withdrawn as the learner takes on more of the task independently.
- Total Physical Response
- A comprehension-first method in which learners respond to spoken commands with physical actions, well suited to preproduction learners and low-anxiety environments.
- Dual-language immersion
- A program serving both English learners and English speakers that teaches content in two languages and aims for bilingualism and biliteracy for all participants.
- Transitional bilingual education
- A program that uses the first language for initial instruction and literacy while building English, then exits students to English-only instruction.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing checks during instruction, such as exit tickets or quick writes, used to adjust teaching rather than to assign a final grade.
- Summative assessment
- An end-of-unit or end-of-year measure of achievement, which should be combined with other evidence for high-stakes placement or exit decisions.
- Test validity
- The degree to which an assessment measures the intended construct; a content test written in dense English may be invalid for an English learner.
- Test reliability
- The consistency of scores across occasions, forms, and raters; rubric scoring requires calibration and anchor papers to support inter-rater agreement.
- Assessment accommodation
- A change to how a test is administered, such as extended time or a bilingual dictionary, that removes a language barrier without changing what is measured.
- Analytic rubric
- A scoring guide that rates separate traits, such as content, organization, and language, rather than assigning a single overall holistic score.
- Lau v. Nichols
- The 1974 Supreme Court decision holding that identical instruction in a language students do not understand denies them meaningful access to education.
- Castañeda v. Pickard
- The 1981 ruling setting three program criteria: a sound educational theory, effective implementation with adequate resources, and evaluation showing results.