GED Math flashcards
GED Math · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Order of operations
- The agreed sequence for evaluating expressions: parentheses first, then exponents, then multiplication and division left to right, then addition and subtraction left to right.
- Slope formula
- For a line through points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), slope m equals the change in y divided by the change in x, or (y2-y1)/(x2-x1).
- Percent change
- The difference between a new value and an old value, divided by the old value, then multiplied by 100 to express the change as a percent.
- Mean and median
- Mean is the sum of values divided by their count. Median is the middle value of an ordered list, or the average of the two middle values.
- Simple interest formula
- Interest equals principal times annual rate as a decimal times time in years, written I = Prt, used when interest is not compounded.
- Density
- Density is mass divided by volume. An object with greater density than the surrounding fluid sinks; lower density causes it to float.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules, using light energy, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.
- Dominant and recessive alleles
- A dominant allele masks the effect of a recessive allele. A recessive trait appears only when both inherited alleles are recessive.
- Independent variable
- The variable a researcher deliberately changes in an experiment. The dependent variable is the measured outcome that may respond to that change.
- Three branches of government
- Legislative makes laws, executive enforces laws, and judicial interprets laws, with checks and balances preventing any branch from dominating.
- Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protecting individual freedoms such as speech, religion, press, assembly, and fair trial rights.
- Federalism
- A system dividing power between a national government and state governments, with the Supremacy Clause making federal law prevail in conflicts.
- Gross Domestic Product
- The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a specific period, commonly a year or quarter.
- Primary versus secondary sources
- Primary sources are firsthand records like letters or laws. Secondary sources interpret or analyze primary sources, such as textbooks or reviews.
- Main idea
- The central point a passage conveys about its topic. Supporting details explain, illustrate, or provide evidence for that central point.
- Inference
- A conclusion a reader draws by combining evidence stated in the text with prior knowledge, rather than a fact stated directly.
- Fact versus opinion
- A fact can be verified with evidence. An opinion expresses a belief or judgment and often contains evaluative or emotional wording.
- Subject-verb agreement
- A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb.
- Run-on sentence
- Two independent clauses joined without correct punctuation. A comma alone cannot join them; use a period, semicolon, or conjunction.
- Cross-multiplying proportions
- If two ratios are equal, a/b = c/d, then the products ad and bc are equal, allowing you to solve for an unknown value.
- Exponent product rule
- When multiplying powers with the same base, add the exponents: x^a times x^b equals x^(a+b). Division subtracts exponents instead.
- Scientific notation
- A number written as a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10, such as 4,500 written as 4.5 times 10 cubed.
- Volume of a cylinder
- The volume of a cylinder equals pi times the square of the radius times the height, written V = pi r squared h.
- Newton's second law
- Force equals mass times acceleration. A larger force produces greater acceleration, and a larger mass produces less acceleration for the same force.
- Conservation of mass
- In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, so the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
- pH scale
- A measure of acidity: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic. Each whole unit means a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.
- Punnett square ratio
- A cross between two heterozygous parents, Aa and Aa, yields offspring with a three-to-one ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.
- Great Compromise
- A 1787 agreement creating a two-house Congress: the House represents states by population, while the Senate gives each state equal representation.
- Opportunity cost
- The value of the next best alternative given up when a person or society makes a choice among limited options.
- Author's purpose
- The reason an author writes a text, usually to inform, persuade, or entertain, which shapes the word choice and organization used.
- Parallel structure
- Items in a list or comparison share the same grammatical form, such as all verbs or all noun phrases, making writing clearer.
- Semicolon use
- A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction, or separates items in a complex list.