Ghana National Certificate II Welding and Fabrication preparation cheat sheet

Distinguish consumable-electrode, wire-fed and tungsten-electrode process functions.

Joint, material, position and procedure determine actual parameters.

Use the stated heat-input formula and unit conversions consistently.

Written process identification does not authorize live hot work or certify a weld.

Use the actual service, drawing, procedure and acceptance criteria.

Defect names describe mechanisms rather than proving one unique cause.

Each inspection method has material, access and detection limits.

Separate procedure, personnel and production evidence with traceable repair control.

Engineering stress σ = F/S₀ uses original area; E = σ/ε applies to the linear elastic region. Engineering stress itself is not confined to that region.

Toughness = whole curve area; resilience = elastic area

Hardness is not fundamental but correlates with strength

Grain refinement commonly increases yield strength in conventional metallic microstructures, subject to material and scale limits.

Selection needs specific indices (σ/ρ, E/ρ) plus cost and durability

State the system boundary and assumptions before calculation.

Units, sign conventions and uncertainty are part of the answer.

Verification against a specification differs from validation for an intended use.

Drawings need a declared convention and controlled revision.

Classroom models do not authorize physical operation or structural approval.

Clarify actual responsibility, approved drawings and change authority.

Hazards require task-specific controls, not one universal PPE recipe.

Inspect concealed requirements before they become inaccessible.

Separate net quantities, stated allowances and unresolved handover issues.