Greece Category A Theory cheat sheet

Chart datum is normally Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT); soundings and drying heights are measured from it, so actual depth of water = charted sounding + height of tide.

Latitude 1 minute = 1 nautical mile; 1 degree = 60 NM. Use the latitude scale on the meridian nearest your position to measure distance, never the longitude scale.

Speed/distance/time: Distance (NM) = Speed (kn) x Time (h). Time = Distance / Speed. Speed = Distance / Time.

Course to steer allowing for current: draw water track at boat speed, tidal stream vector at its rate/direction, then the resultant over ground; the vector triangle gives course to steer and speed made good.

Running fix: transfer the earlier position line along the course and distance made good (or by the tidal vector) to intersect the later line; accuracy improves with a large angle between lines.

Compass conversion: True = Compass + Deviation + Variation (east positive). CADET: Compass to True add east; True to Compass subtract east.

Chart symbols: drying heights underlined (e.g. 2.5) are heights above chart datum exposed at low water; depths in blue/white areas are soundings; a rock with a cross is awash or submerged.

Buoyage IALA Region A (Greece): entering harbour, red can buoys pass to port, green conical to starboard; preferred channel marks show the topmark/colour of the secondary channel.

Position fixing: three-point fix with position lines crossing at about 120 degrees gives the smallest cocked hat; a transit plus one bearing is more reliable than two bearings at a shallow angle.

Rule 13 overtaking: any vessel overtaking another is the give-way vessel until finally past and clear, regardless of vessel type.

Rule 14 head-on: both power-driven vessels alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port; neither has right of way.

Rule 15 crossing: the vessel with the other on her own starboard side is give-way and should avoid crossing ahead, normally altering to starboard.

Rule 12 sailing vessels: port tack keeps clear of starboard tack; windward keeps clear of leeward; if in doubt which tack, keep clear.

Rule 5 lookout and Rule 6 safe speed: safe speed accounts for visibility, traffic density, draught, background lights, sea state and stopping distance.

Rule 19 restricted visibility: reduce speed to minimum steerage way, no assumed right of way; avoid altering to port for a vessel forward of the beam unless overtaking.

Rule 7 risk of collision: if a steady bearing and decreasing range exists, risk is deemed to exist; do not rely on scanty radar information.

Sound signals in restricted visibility: one long blast every 2 minutes for power-driven vessels making way; two long for stopped; sailing vessels one long two short.

Rule 18 narrow channels: keep as near the starboard outer limit as safe; vessels under 20 m and sailing vessels shall not impede vessels that can only navigate within the channel.

Wind is named by the direction it blows from; a northerly wind blows from north toward south. Bearings are true unless marked magnetic.

Buys Ballot's law (Northern Hemisphere): with your back to the wind, low pressure lies to your left; in the Southern Hemisphere it lies to the right.

Beaufort scale: force 4 = 11-16 kn moderate breeze; force 6 = 22-27 kn strong breeze; force 8 = 34-40 kn gale; force 10 = 48-55 kn storm.

In the Northern Hemisphere, wind circulates counter-clockwise around a low; in the Southern Hemisphere clockwise around a low.

Sea breeze blows from sea to land by day; land breeze blows from land to sea by night; strongest on clear, calm, sunny afternoons.

Fog forms when air is cooled to its dew point or when warm moist air moves over a colder surface; radiation fog is common at dawn over land.

Squall signs: rapid darkening, cumulonimbus anvil, sudden wind veer and temperature drop; expect gusts and heavy rain, reduce sail early.

Route planning: stay on the favourable side of a depression (navigable semicircle), avoid the dangerous semicircle where the wind blows toward the storm track.

Mooring terms: bow line, stern line, spring lines (fore and aft) prevent fore-aft movement; breast lines hold the vessel against the quay.

Rope handling: nylon stretches and absorbs shock (good for mooring warps); polyester low stretch (sheets/halyards); Dyneema very low stretch, high strength.

Anchoring scope: use at least 3:1 chain scope in normal conditions, 5:1 or more in strong wind; holding depends on seabed type and anchor design.

Mooring to a quay with an onshore wind: approach at a shallow angle, use the leeward side, control speed with short engine bursts and fenders on the contact side.

Man overboard (quick stop): immediately shout 'man overboard', throw a lifebuoy, press MOB on GPS, turn toward the casualty, approach from downwind, engine in neutral near the person.

Knots: bowline (fixed loop that will not jam), clove hitch (temporary attachment to a post), round turn and two half hitches (mooring), reef knot (tying reef points, not load-bearing).

Towing: use a bridle or long towline with a shock absorber; keep the tow astern and avoid sudden engine changes; watch for chafe and the bight of the line.

Rigging: standing rigging (shrouds, stays) supports the mast; running rigging (halyards, sheets) controls sails; check turnbuckles, split pins and swages for corrosion.

The skipper is responsible for the safety of the vessel, crew and passengers, and for compliance with COLREG, SOLAS, MARPOL and national Greek regulations.

Under SOLAS V, the master must render assistance to persons in distress at sea when able to do so without serious danger to the vessel and those on board.

MARPOL Annex I prohibits discharge of oil or oily mixtures; Annex V prohibits disposal of plastics at sea; garbage must be landed or retained for shore disposal.

The vessel must carry the certificates and documents required by her flag state (registration, insurance, skipper licence, crew list, radio licence where applicable).

Collision liability: apportionment is based on fault; both vessels can be held partly to blame; the give-way vessel's failure to act and the stand-on vessel's failure to act in time can both count.

Reportable accidents: any accident causing injury, death, or serious damage must be reported to the port authority (Liminarchio) as soon as practicable.

Life-saving obligations: the skipper must ensure the vessel carries the required lifejackets, liferaft, flares, fire extinguishers and first-aid kit, and that crew are briefed on their use.

A vessel's nationality and right to fly the flag depend on registration; the skipper must be able to produce registration papers on demand by authorities.

Distress signals: MAYDAY on VHF Ch 16 (voice) or DSC Ch 70; urgency = PAN PAN; safety = SECURITE. Give position, nature of distress, assistance required, persons on board.

Fire triangle: heat, fuel, oxygen. Extinguish by cooling, smothering, or removing fuel. Never use water on petrol, oil or electrical fires.

Fire classes: A (solids), B (flammable liquids), C (gases), D (metals), F (cooking oils). Use foam/CO2/dry powder for B, CO2 for electrical, wet chemical for F.

Lifejacket requirements: one per person, correctly fitted, with whistle and light; children need appropriate sizes; check inflation cylinders and dates.

Abandon ship: only on the master's order; take EPIRB, SART, water, first aid, radio; step up into the liferaft, do not jump; stay near the casualty position.

Flare use: red parachute/hand flares for distress, orange smoke for daylight, white for attention; check expiry dates and store dry.

Hypothermia and drowning: recover the casualty horizontally, treat for hypothermia (insulate, warm slowly), never give alcohol; start CPR if not breathing.

Firefighting on board: raise alarm, close hatches and vents to starve oxygen, use fixed extinguishing systems in the engine room, and never re-enter a closed compartment without breathing apparatus.

Four-stroke diesel cycle: intake, compression, power (combustion), exhaust. Compression ignition requires high compression ratio and fuel injected at the end of compression.

Cooling system: raw-water cooling for most small marine engines; check impeller, strainer and anodes regularly; overheating often caused by blocked intake or failed impeller.

Fuel system: water and dirt are the main causes of engine failure; use a water-separating filter, drain the separator, and bleed the system after filter changes.

Battery care: check electrolyte level in lead-acid batteries, keep terminals clean and greased, and charge with a three-stage charger (bulk, absorption, float).

Electrical safety: use marine-grade tinned cable, correct fusing on every positive circuit, and an isolator switch; never use the engine block as a return path for electronics.

Engine checks before start: oil level, coolant level, fuel, raw-water intake open, gear in neutral, no fuel or oil leaks, bilge dry.

Anodes: sacrificial zinc or aluminium anodes protect against galvanic corrosion; replace when about half consumed, especially on the shaft, rudder and hull.

Propeller and shaft: check for fishing line, dents and bent blades; a fouled propeller causes vibration and overheating; carry a spare propeller and tools.

Tidal height: use the rule of twelfths between low and high water: 1/12, 2/12, 3/12, 3/12, 2/12, 1/12 of the range in each successive hour.

Estimated position (EP): apply the tidal vector and leeway to the dead-reckoning position; plot DR from course and speed through the water only.

Great circle vs rhumb line: great circle is the shortest route on the globe; rhumb line keeps a constant bearing and is easier to plot on a Mercator chart.

Mercator chart: meridians are parallel, latitude scale increases with latitude; distances must be measured on the latitude scale at the same latitude as the position.

Radar plotting: true motion vs relative motion; use the plotting triangle to find target course and speed; CPA and TCPA determine risk of collision.

GPS and chart datum: GPS positions are WGS84; ensure chart datum matches; check for datum shift when transferring positions between paper and electronic charts.

Pilotage: use transits, clearing bearings and soundings to fix position in confined waters; a leading line marked on the chart is the safest approach.

Tides: spring tides occur at new and full moon (largest range); neap tides at first and last quarter (smallest range).

Pressure gradient: the closer the isobars, the stronger the wind. Isobars 4 hPa apart indicate stronger wind than isobars 8 hPa apart.

Coriolis effect: in the Northern Hemisphere, wind is deflected to the right of the pressure gradient; friction over the sea reduces the deflection to about 10-20 degrees.

Frontal systems: cold fronts bring squalls, heavy rain, a sharp wind veer and temperature drop; warm fronts bring steady rain and a gradual wind veer.

Fog: advection fog forms when warm moist air moves over a cold sea; radiation fog forms over land on clear calm nights; both reduce visibility rapidly.

Thunderstorm avoidance: stay clear of cumulonimbus cells by at least 5 NM; do not shelter under a mast during a thunderstorm.

Weather routing: use synoptic charts, GRIB files and forecasts from the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (EMY) and Poseidon system for Greek waters.

Local winds in Greece: the meltemi is a strong northerly wind in the Aegean in summer; the bora is a cold northerly in the Adriatic; the sirocco is a hot southerly from Africa.

Sea state: significant wave height is the average of the highest one-third of waves; waves grow with fetch, wind speed and duration.

Docking in wind: approach into the wind when possible; use spring lines to pivot the vessel; a bow thruster helps but should not replace planning.

Sailing manoeuvres: tacking through the wind, gybing with the wind astern; in a gybe, control the boom with the mainsheet to avoid injury.

Reefing: reduce sail early in rising wind; reef the main before the jib; use the reefing line and check the reef points are secure.

Heavy weather: reduce sail, secure loose gear, close hatches, use a sea anchor or drogue, and keep the vessel moving slowly to maintain steerage.

Man overboard under sail: quick stop or figure-eight; approach from downwind, luff up to windward of the casualty, and use the engine if fitted.

Mooring in a marina: Mediterranean mooring uses a bow anchor or lines to the quay; keep the stern clear of the quay and use fenders on both sides.

Rigging checks: inspect shrouds, stays, turnbuckles, chainplates and masthead fittings for cracks, corrosion and loose pins before every passage.

Towing and salvage: accept a towline only when necessary; a salvage claim can arise if assistance is given; agree terms before accepting.

Greek law: the Liminarchio (port authority) enforces regulations; the skipper must report accidents, pollution and dangerous cargo incidents.

SOLAS V/19: carriage requirements for charts, publications and navigational equipment depend on vessel size and area of operation.

MARPOL: Annex I (oil), Annex II (noxious liquid substances), Annex IV (sewage), Annex V (garbage), Annex VI (air pollution). Discharge restrictions apply in the Mediterranean (special area for Annex I).

Collision regulations apply to all vessels on the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.

Liability: the skipper can be held personally liable for negligence, pollution, and failure to render assistance; insurance (P&I) covers third-party claims.

Crew and passenger safety: the skipper must ensure a safety briefing, muster list, and that life-saving equipment is accessible and in date.

Customs and immigration: on arrival in a Greek port, the skipper must report to the port authority and customs; keep the transit log and crew list up to date.

Environmental protection: do not discharge bilge water with oil, do not anchor on Posidonia seagrass, and follow local waste reception facilities.

Firefighting: use the correct extinguisher for the class; PASS technique (Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep); aim at the base of the fire.

Engine room fire: shut down fuel and air, use fixed CO2 or foam system, seal the compartment, and do not open until cooled.

Abandon ship: the order is given by the master; the liferaft is launched, the painter secured, and survivors board; take the EPIRB and SART.

EPIRB and SART: EPIRB transmits on 406 MHz to satellites; SART responds on 9 GHz radar; both must be registered and tested regularly.

First aid: ABC (airway, breathing, circulation); CPR ratio 30 compressions to 2 breaths; use an AED if available.

Hypothermia: treat with warm, dry clothing, warm drinks if conscious, and avoid rapid rewarming; do not rub the limbs.

Distress flares: red parachute rocket (day/night), red hand flare (day/night), orange smoke (day); check expiry and store in a waterproof container.

Emergency steering: if the rudder fails, use the emergency tiller or steer with the engines; practice the procedure with the crew.

Diesel engine troubleshooting: no start = fuel, air, compression or battery; check fuel valve, filters, air intake, and battery charge.

Cooling: raw-water impeller failure causes rapid overheating; carry a spare impeller and gasket; check the strainer for debris.

Electrical: a 12 V system with a 100 Ah battery can supply 5 A for 20 hours (theoretical); account for depth of discharge and Peukert effect.

Charging: alternator output depends on engine speed; a smart regulator improves charging; check belt tension and alternator connections.

Battery isolation: use a dedicated starting battery and a house bank; a battery isolator or VSR prevents draining the start battery.

Fuel contamination: diesel bug (microbial growth) clogs filters; use a biocide, keep tanks full to reduce condensation, and polish fuel.

Winterisation: drain raw-water system, change oil, fog the engine, disconnect batteries, and cover the vessel; check anodes and seacocks.

Spares to carry: impeller, fuel filters, belts, fuses, bulbs, engine oil, coolant, and basic tools; know where they are stored.

Plotting a course: draw the line from the departure point, measure the bearing with the parallel rulers, and note the variation and deviation to convert to compass.

Fixing position: use bearings to two or three charted objects; the intersection is the fix; check with soundings and depth contour.

Tidal stream atlas: use the tidal diamond or atlas to find the set and rate of the current for the hour; apply the vector to the course.

Course to steer: use the vector triangle with the tidal stream; the length of the water track is the boat speed, and the direction is the course to steer.

Dead reckoning: plot the course and speed through the water from the last fix; update regularly with new fixes.

Chart corrections: apply Notices to Mariners and check the chart edition and date; do not use outdated charts.

Electronic charts: ECDIS and GPS are aids; keep a paper chart backup and check the datum and scale.

Pilotage: use clearing bearings, transits and soundings; a leading line is the safest approach into a harbour.

Rule 8: action to avoid collision must be positive, made in ample time, and large enough to be readily apparent; a succession of small alterations is avoided.

Rule 16: the give-way vessel must take early and substantial action to keep well clear.

Rule 17: the stand-on vessel must keep her course and speed, but may act to avoid collision when the give-way vessel is not taking action.

Rule 9: narrow channels; Rule 10: traffic separation schemes; cross lanes at right angles and avoid the separation zone.

Rule 19: restricted visibility; use radar and sound signals; reduce speed to minimum steerage way.

Rule 20: lights and shapes must be displayed from sunset to sunrise and in restricted visibility; shapes by day.

Rule 21: definitions of vessel types; a vessel not under command shows two red lights; a vessel restricted in ability to manoeuvre shows red-white-red.

Rule 34: manoeuvring and warning signals; one short = altering to starboard, two short = to port, three short = astern.

Synoptic chart: isobars, fronts, pressure centres; a depression has a warm and cold front; the warm sector lies between them.

Wind direction: in the Northern Hemisphere, wind blows counter-clockwise around a low; the wind veers as a front passes.

Forecast sources: EMY (Hellenic National Meteorological Service), Poseidon, GRIB files, and VHF weather broadcasts.

Local winds: meltemi (northerly in the Aegean), bora (cold northerly), sirocco (hot southerly), and sea/land breezes.

Fog: reduce speed, use sound signals, and navigate by radar and GPS; keep a lookout by sight and hearing.

Squalls: dark clouds, sudden wind, rain; reduce sail early and secure gear.

Routing: stay on the favourable side of a depression; avoid the dangerous semicircle.

Sea state: wave height depends on wind speed, fetch and duration; significant wave height is the average of the highest third.

Mooring: use bow, stern, spring and breast lines; fenders on the contact side; approach at a shallow angle.

Anchoring: use 3:1 scope in normal conditions, 5:1 in strong wind; check the anchor is holding with a transit.

Man overboard: shout, throw a lifebuoy, press MOB, turn toward the casualty, approach from downwind.

Knots: bowline, clove hitch, round turn and two half hitches, reef knot.

Towing: use a long towline with a shock absorber; keep the tow astern; avoid sudden engine changes.

Rigging: check shrouds, stays, turnbuckles and chainplates; replace corroded fittings.

Heavy weather: reduce sail, secure gear, close hatches, use a drogue or sea anchor.

Mediterranean mooring: bow anchor or lines to the quay; keep the stern clear; use fenders.

Skipper responsibility: safety of vessel, crew and passengers; compliance with COLREG, SOLAS, MARPOL and Greek regulations.

SOLAS V: render assistance to persons in distress when able without serious danger.

MARPOL: no discharge of oil or plastics; use shore reception facilities.

Documents: registration, insurance, skipper licence, crew list, radio licence.

Collision liability: apportioned by fault; both vessels can be partly to blame.

Reportable accidents: report to the Liminarchio as soon as practicable.

Life-saving equipment: lifejackets, liferaft, flares, extinguishers, first-aid kit; brief the crew.

Flag and registration: produce papers on demand by authorities.

Distress: MAYDAY on VHF Ch 16 or DSC Ch 70; give position, nature, assistance required, persons on board.

Fire triangle: heat, fuel, oxygen; extinguish by cooling, smothering, or removing fuel.

Fire classes: A, B, C, D, F; use the correct extinguisher; never water on oil or electrical fires.

Lifejackets: one per person, fitted, with whistle and light; check cylinders and dates.

Abandon ship: only on the master's order; take EPIRB, SART, water, first aid; step up into the liferaft.

Flares: red parachute/hand, orange smoke, white; check expiry; store dry.

Hypothermia: recover horizontally, insulate, warm slowly; CPR if not breathing.

Engine room fire: shut down fuel and air, use fixed system, seal the compartment.

Diesel cycle: intake, compression, power, exhaust; compression ignition.

Cooling: check impeller, strainer and anodes; overheating often from blocked intake.

Fuel: water and dirt cause failure; use a water-separating filter; bleed after filter change.

Battery: check electrolyte, clean terminals, three-stage charger.

Electrical: marine-grade tinned cable, fuses on every positive circuit, isolator switch.

Pre-start checks: oil, coolant, fuel, raw-water intake, gear in neutral, bilge dry.

Anodes: replace when half consumed; protect against galvanic corrosion.

Propeller: check for fishing line, dents; carry a spare propeller and tools.

Chart datum: LAT; depth = sounding + tide height.

Distance: 1 minute of latitude = 1 NM; measure on the latitude scale.

Speed/distance/time: D = S x T.

Course to steer: vector triangle with tidal stream.

Running fix: transfer the earlier position line along the course and distance made good.

Compass conversion: True = Compass + Deviation + Variation (east positive).

IALA Region A: red can to port, green conical to starboard when entering harbour.

Three-point fix: position lines crossing at about 120 degrees give the smallest cocked hat.

Rule 13: overtaking vessel is give-way until finally past and clear.

Rule 14: head-on, both alter to starboard, pass port-to-port.

Rule 15: crossing, the vessel with the other on her starboard side is give-way.

Rule 12: sailing vessels, port tack keeps clear of starboard tack.

Rule 5: lookout by sight and hearing and all available means.

Rule 6: safe speed accounts for visibility, traffic, draught, sea state.

Rule 19: restricted visibility, reduce speed to minimum steerage way.

Rule 34: one short = starboard, two short = port, three short = astern.

Wind named by direction it blows from.

Buys Ballot: back to wind, low to the left in the Northern Hemisphere.

Beaufort: force 4 = 11-16 kn; force 6 = 22-27 kn; force 8 = 34-40 kn.

Northern Hemisphere: wind counter-clockwise around a low.

Sea breeze: sea to land by day; land breeze: land to sea by night.

Fog: cooling to dew point or warm moist air over cold surface.

Squall: dark cloud, sudden wind veer, temperature drop.

Routing: stay on the favourable side of a depression.

Mooring: bow, stern, spring and breast lines; fenders on the contact side.

Anchoring: 3:1 scope normal, 5:1 in strong wind.

Man overboard: shout, throw lifebuoy, press MOB, turn toward casualty, approach from downwind.

Knots: bowline, clove hitch, round turn and two half hitches, reef knot.

Towing: long towline with shock absorber; keep tow astern.

Rigging: standing rigging supports the mast; running rigging controls sails.

Heavy weather: reduce sail, secure gear, close hatches.

Mediterranean mooring: bow anchor or lines to the quay; keep stern clear.

Skipper responsible for safety, COLREG, SOLAS, MARPOL, Greek regulations.

SOLAS V: render assistance to persons in distress when able.

MARPOL: no oil or plastics discharge; use shore facilities.

Documents: registration, insurance, skipper licence, crew list, radio licence.

Collision liability: apportioned by fault.

Reportable accidents: report to Liminarchio.

Life-saving equipment: lifejackets, liferaft, flares, extinguishers, first-aid kit.

Flag and registration: produce papers on demand.

MAYDAY on VHF Ch 16 or DSC Ch 70; give position, nature, assistance required, persons on board.

Fire triangle: heat, fuel, oxygen.

Fire classes: A, B, C, D, F; use the correct extinguisher.

Lifejackets: one per person, fitted, with whistle and light.

Abandon ship: only on the master's order; take EPIRB, SART, water, first aid.

Flares: red parachute/hand, orange smoke, white; check expiry.

Hypothermia: recover horizontally, insulate, warm slowly.

Engine room fire: shut down fuel and air, use fixed system, seal compartment.

Diesel cycle: intake, compression, power, exhaust.

Cooling: check impeller, strainer and anodes.

Fuel: water and dirt cause failure; use a water-separating filter.

Battery: check electrolyte, clean terminals, three-stage charger.

Electrical: marine-grade tinned cable, fuses on every positive circuit.

Pre-start checks: oil, coolant, fuel, raw-water intake, gear in neutral.

Anodes: replace when half consumed.

Propeller: check for fishing line, dents; carry a spare.

Chart datum: LAT; depth = sounding + tide height.

Distance: 1 minute of latitude = 1 NM.

Speed/distance/time: D = S x T.

Course to steer: vector triangle with tidal stream.

Running fix: transfer the earlier position line.

Compass conversion: True = Compass + Deviation + Variation (east positive).

IALA Region A: red can to port, green conical to starboard.

Three-point fix: position lines crossing at about 120 degrees.

Rule 13: overtaking vessel is give-way.

Rule 14: head-on, both alter to starboard.

Rule 15: crossing, the vessel with the other on her starboard side is give-way.

Rule 12: sailing vessels, port tack keeps clear of starboard tack.

Rule 5: lookout by sight and hearing.

Rule 6: safe speed accounts for visibility, traffic, draught, sea state.

Rule 19: restricted visibility, reduce speed to minimum steerage way.

Rule 34: one short = starboard, two short = port, three short = astern.

Wind named by direction it blows from.

Buys Ballot: back to wind, low to the left in the Northern Hemisphere.

Beaufort: force 4 = 11-16 kn; force 6 = 22-27 kn; force 8 = 34-40 kn.

Northern Hemisphere: wind counter-clockwise around a low.

Sea breeze: sea to land by day; land breeze: land to sea by night.

Fog: cooling to dew point or warm moist air over cold surface.

Squall: dark cloud, sudden wind veer, temperature drop.

Routing: stay on the favourable side of a depression.

Mooring: bow, stern, spring and breast lines; fenders on the contact side.

Anchoring: 3:1 scope normal, 5:1 in strong wind.

Man overboard: shout, throw lifebuoy, press MOB, turn toward casualty, approach from downwind.

Knots: bowline, clove hitch, round turn and two half hitches, reef knot.

Towing: long towline with shock absorber; keep tow astern.

Rigging: standing rigging supports the mast; running rigging controls sails.

Heavy weather: reduce sail, secure gear, close hatches.

Mediterranean mooring: bow anchor or lines to the quay; keep stern clear.

Skipper responsible for safety, COLREG, SOLAS, MARPOL, Greek regulations.

SOLAS V: render assistance to persons in distress when able.

MARPOL: no oil or plastics discharge; use shore facilities.

Documents: registration, insurance, skipper licence, crew list, radio licence.

Collision liability: apportioned by fault.

Reportable accidents: report to Liminarchio.

Life-saving equipment: lifejackets, liferaft, flares, extinguishers, first-aid kit.

Flag and registration: produce papers on demand.