Greece Category B Theory Test cheat sheet

Driving licence categories in Greece follow EU rules: B covers passenger cars up to 3,500 kg maximum authorised mass with no more than 8 seats besides the driver, and may tow a trailer up to 750 kg.

The ΚΟΚ (Law 2696/1999, as amended) is the national highway code; it sets the general obligation to drive with prudence and to avoid any act that could endanger or obstruct traffic.

Safety equipment legally required in a car: seat belts in all seats, a warning triangle, a first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher (per Greek requirements for passenger cars), and a reflective vest kept inside the cabin.

Document checks: driving licence, vehicle registration certificate (άδεια κυκλοφορίας), valid roadworthiness certificate (ΚΤΕΟ) and proof of insurance must be carried or produced on demand.

Seat belts are mandatory for the driver and all passengers; children under 12 and shorter than 150 cm must use an appropriate child restraint system, and a rear-facing seat must never be placed in front of an active airbag.

Using a hand-held mobile phone while driving is prohibited; only hands-free devices are allowed, and the same rule applies to bicycles and motorcycles under the code.

Periodic technical inspection (ΚΤΕΟ) is required: a new private car is first inspected four years after first registration, then every two years.

Penalties are graded: administrative fines (πρόστιμα), on-the-spot removal of the licence (αφαίρεση άδειας) for serious offences, and points on the electronic driving licence record (Σ.Ε.Σ.Υ.Π.).

A driver involved in a collision must stop, give first aid, call emergency services, exchange details and not leave the scene, even when damage is minor.

Sign hierarchy: police/traffic officer signals override traffic lights, traffic lights override fixed signs, and fixed signs override road markings; markings override general rules.

Triangular signs with a red border are warnings; circular signs with a red border are prohibitions/restrictions; circular blue signs are mandatory instructions; rectangular or square signs give information.

Octagonal red STOP sign requires a complete stop at the stop line and giving way; the inverted triangle (give way / παραχώρηση προτεραιότητας) requires yielding without necessarily stopping.

Traffic-light sequence: red, red+amber, green, amber, red; a flashing amber light means proceed with caution, and a flashing red light means stop and proceed only when safe.

Solid white centre lines forbid crossing; broken lines may be crossed when overtaking or turning is safe; a double solid line on your side is equivalent to a solid line.

Zebra crossing markings give pedestrians absolute priority once they have stepped onto or are clearly about to step onto the crossing.

Yellow zig-zag or yellow kerb markings indicate no stopping or parking; bus-lane markings and blue parking zones have specific time restrictions shown on accompanying signs.

Direction signs are blue with white text on motorways and green or white elsewhere; tourist signs are brown.

Level-crossing signals: a red flashing light or lowered barrier means stop; never enter the crossing until the barrier is fully raised and the light has stopped flashing.

Two-second rule: maintain at least two seconds behind the vehicle ahead in dry conditions, four seconds in rain, and more on ice, gravel or at night.

Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance; braking distance increases with the square of speed, so doubling speed roughly quadruples braking distance.

Mirror-signal-manoeuvre sequence before every turn, lane change or overtaking manoeuvre; check the blind spot by turning the head, not only by mirrors.

In fog, rain or snow use dipped headlights (or fog lights when visibility is under 50 m) and reduce speed so you can stop within the distance you can see to be clear.

Vulnerable road users: give cyclists at least 1.5 m clearance when overtaking outside built-up areas and 1 m inside; anticipate sudden moves by children, pedestrians and motorcyclists.

Aquaplaning: ease off the accelerator, avoid braking sharply and hold the wheel steady until grip returns; do not make sudden steering inputs.

Fatigue signs (heavy eyelids, drifting, missed exits) call for stopping at a safe place and resting; opening a window or turning up music does not restore alertness.

Defensive driving assumes other drivers may make mistakes: scan far ahead, cover the brake near junctions, and leave an escape route.

At an unmarked intersection where no sign or light gives priority, the driver must give way to traffic approaching from the right (right-hand rule).

A STOP sign or give-way sign removes the right-hand rule: you must yield to all traffic on the priority road, regardless of direction.

Turning left across oncoming traffic: yield to oncoming vehicles going straight or turning right; turning right: yield to pedestrians crossing the road you enter.

Entering a roundabout in Greece: give way to traffic already circulating in the roundabout unless signs indicate otherwise; signal right on exit.

Trams have priority over other vehicles; overtake a tram only on the right where space allows, and never obstruct tram rails.

Emergency vehicles with flashing blue lights and sirens have priority; other drivers must slow down, pull over and clear the way.

At T-junctions the vehicle on the terminating road generally yields to traffic on the through road; markings and signs confirm the priority road.

Pedestrians on a crossing, or clearly about to cross, have priority over turning vehicles; a vehicle turning into a side road must yield to pedestrians already crossing it.

When two vehicles meet on a narrow road and passing is difficult, the descending vehicle yields to the ascending one, and the lighter or more manoeuvrable vehicle gives way where practical.

Default Greek speed limits: 50 km/h in built-up areas, 90 km/h on roads outside built-up areas, and 110 km/h on motorways (130 km/h only where specifically signed).

Lower limits apply to heavy vehicles, buses and vehicles towing trailers; specific signs always override the general default.

Speed must always be reduced to allow stopping within the visible clear distance, especially at night, in rain, fog or on bends.

Minimum following distance is at least two seconds in good conditions; in a tunnel maintain a greater gap and never stop unless forced.

Stopping distance at 50 km/h is roughly 27 m (about 14 m reaction + 13 m braking); at 100 km/h it is roughly 80–100 m depending on road surface.

Wet road surface can double the braking distance; ice or snow can multiply it several times, so reduce speed accordingly.

Near schools, hospitals, pedestrian crossings and residential areas, drive at a speed allowing immediate stopping for a sudden hazard.

Speed cameras and average-speed enforcement apply on Greek motorways and national roads; exceeding the limit by more than 20 km/h carries heavier penalties.

Tyre tread depth minimum is 1.6 mm across the central three-quarters of the tyre; check pressure monthly when tyres are cold.

Tyre pressure too low increases fuel consumption, overheating and the risk of a blowout; too high reduces grip and unevenly wears the tyre.

Brake fluid absorbs moisture and should be replaced roughly every two years; a spongy pedal or dropping level signals a fault.

Coolant level is checked only when the engine is cold; never open the radiator cap on a hot engine.

Engine oil level: check with the dipstick on level ground with the engine off; the level must be between the minimum and maximum marks.

Lighting check: headlights, brake lights, indicators, hazards, reversing lights, fog lights and number-plate lights must all work.

Dashboard warning lights: red means stop as soon as safe (oil pressure, coolant temperature, brakes), amber means check soon, green/blue are informational.

Before driving, check mirrors, seat position, head restraint height and that doors are closed; a head restraint top should be level with the top of the head.

ABS prevents wheel lock-up and preserves steering during hard braking; it does not necessarily shorten stopping distance on loose surfaces.

Emergency numbers in Greece: 112 for the European emergency line, 166 for ambulance (EKAB), 100 for police and 199 for the fire brigade.

Scene safety first: switch off the engine, apply the handbrake, turn on hazard lights, put on a reflective vest and place the warning triangle at least 30 m behind the vehicle (more on motorways).

DR ABC approach: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation; check responsiveness and breathing before anything else.

Do not move an injured person unless there is immediate danger (fire, traffic), as movement can worsen spinal injuries.

Recovery position for an unconscious but breathing casualty; if not breathing, start CPR: 30 chest compressions to 2 rescue breaths, at 100–120 compressions per minute.

Control severe bleeding by applying firm direct pressure with a clean cloth or dressing; do not remove an object embedded in a wound.

For burns, cool with running water for at least 10–20 minutes and do not apply creams or pop blisters; for suspected fractures, immobilise the limb.

Report to the emergency operator: location, number of casualties, type of injuries, hazards and your contact details; stay on the line until told to hang up.

Never leave the scene of an accident; exchange names, addresses, insurance details and vehicle registration numbers with the other parties.

Smooth acceleration and early gear changes (around 2,000–2,500 rpm for petrol, 1,500–2,000 rpm for diesel) reduce fuel consumption significantly.

Anticipate traffic and coast or decelerate gently instead of braking late; unnecessary braking wastes the energy already used.

Switch off the engine when stationary for more than about 30–60 seconds; idling burns fuel and increases emissions.

Remove roof racks and unnecessary loads; roof boxes and extra weight increase aerodynamic drag and fuel use.

Correct tyre pressure reduces rolling resistance; under-inflated tyres can raise fuel consumption noticeably.

Air conditioning increases fuel consumption; use it sparingly and prefer ventilation at low speeds.

Regular servicing (air filter, spark plugs, oil) keeps the engine efficient and lowers emissions; a faulty oxygen sensor raises fuel use.

Avoid short cold-start journeys where possible; a cold engine uses more fuel and produces more pollutants per kilometre.

Electric and hybrid vehicles: use regenerative braking, precondition the cabin while plugged in, and plan charging stops on long journeys.

The legal blood alcohol limit for drivers in Greece is 0.50 g/L (0.5‰); for novice drivers (licence held under two years), professional drivers and motorcyclists it is 0.20 g/L.

Alcohol slows reaction time, narrows attention and impairs judgement of speed and distance long before the legal limit is reached.

Driving under the influence of drugs or medicines that impair driving is prohibited, even with a prescription; check the leaflet or ask a pharmacist.

Common impairing medicines include sedating antihistamines, benzodiazepines, strong painkillers and some antidepressants; look for the warning pictogram on the packaging.

Penalties for drink-driving include heavy fines, licence suspension, points on the record and, for repeat or high-level offences, imprisonment.

Fatigue: take a 15–20 minute break every two hours on long journeys; a short nap of about 15–20 minutes restores alertness better than coffee alone.

Do not drive when ill, extremely tired, or after a night without sleep; the risk of falling asleep at the wheel rises sharply between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.

If you feel drowsy, stop at a safe place, rest, and only continue when fully alert; do not rely on open windows or loud music.

On Greek motorways, the left lane is for overtaking; keep right when not overtaking, and never reverse or make a U-turn.

A hard shoulder is for emergencies only; if you must stop, exit the vehicle on the side away from traffic and stand behind the barrier.

In tunnels: switch on dipped headlights, keep a safe distance, obey variable speed signs, and do not overtake unless permitted.

If your vehicle breaks down in a tunnel, switch on hazard lights, stop in an emergency bay if possible, and use the emergency telephone rather than a mobile phone.

Motorway speed limits are 110–130 km/h depending on signage; the limit drops in rain, at night and in roadworks, so follow the posted signs.

Joining a motorway: use the acceleration lane to match traffic speed and give way to vehicles already on the motorway.

Leaving a motorway: signal early, move to the deceleration lane before slowing, and do not brake on the main carriageway.

Third-party liability insurance (ασφάλεια αστικής ευθύνης) is compulsory for every motor vehicle used on public roads in Greece.

A green card or equivalent proof of cover is needed when driving a Greek-registered vehicle abroad within the EU/EEA.

Vehicle registration (άδεια κυκλοφορίας) must match the vehicle and be kept in the car; changes of owner or address must be declared to the tax office and transport authority.

The ΚΤΕΟ roadworthiness certificate must be valid; driving with an expired certificate is an offence and can lead to a fine and licence withdrawal.

Driving licence points system (Σ.Ε.Σ.Υ.Π.): serious offences add points; reaching the threshold leads to suspension and retraining.

Learner drivers must display the marked 'L' plates, be accompanied by a qualified supervisor and comply with the restrictions of the learner permit.

Report a collision to your insurer promptly; a European Accident Statement (φιλικό διακανονισμό) signed by both drivers simplifies claims.

Helmets are mandatory for riders and passengers of motorcycles and mopeds; the helmet must be fastened and approved.

Mopeds (up to 50 cc) may not use motorways; motorcycles above 125 cc may, subject to the general motorway rules.

Riders must use dipped headlights at all times, day and night, to increase conspicuity.

Lane filtering between moving vehicles is dangerous and restricted; riders should ride in a visible position within the lane.

Protective clothing - gloves, jacket, boots - reduces injury severity; a helmet alone is not enough.

The blood alcohol limit for motorcyclists is 0.20 g/L, the same as for novice and professional drivers.

Passengers must be carried only where the motorcycle has a proper seat and footrests, and children must be able to reach the footrests safely.

Parking is prohibited within 5 m of a junction, on pedestrian crossings, on bends, on bridges, in tunnels and where it obstructs traffic signs or lights.

Stopping or parking on the left side of a two-way road is prohibited except in one-way streets, where parking on the left is allowed.

Double parking and parking in bus stops, taxi ranks, disabled bays (without a badge) and on pavements are offences.

When parking on a slope, apply the handbrake, engage a gear (or P), and turn the wheels toward the kerb when facing downhill.

Hazard lights do not legalise illegal parking; they are for breakdowns and emergencies only.

Before opening a car door, check mirrors and look over your shoulder to avoid 'dooring' cyclists and motorcyclists.

Blue-zone parking in Greek cities requires a ticket or disc; the time limit is shown on signs and enforced by municipal police.

Use indicators before every change of direction, lane or position, and cancel them after the manoeuvre.

Headlight flash may be used to warn of your presence, not to demand priority or to signal aggression.

Horn use is restricted in built-up areas to genuine danger warnings; it is prohibited near hospitals and at night unless there is immediate danger.

Hazard lights warn others of a stationary or slow-moving hazard; they are not a parking permit.

At night, dip headlights when meeting oncoming traffic or following another vehicle; main beam is for unlit roads with no traffic ahead.

Brake lights warn following drivers; tap the brake pedal lightly before slowing sharply to give advance warning.

Eye contact and clear positioning communicate intention; never assume another driver has seen your signal.

Pedestrians have priority at zebra crossings and when clearly about to cross; drivers must slow down and stop.

Cyclists may ride two abreast where conditions allow; give them at least 1 m clearance in built-up areas and 1.5 m outside.

School buses displaying a stop signal require drivers in both directions to stop until children have cleared the road.

Blind or partially sighted pedestrians using a white cane or guide dog have priority; give them extra time and space.

Motorcyclists and moped riders are over-represented in serious collisions; check mirrors and blind spots twice before turning or changing lanes.

Agricultural vehicles and slow-moving traffic on rural roads require patience; overtake only with clear visibility and enough space.

Emergency vehicles with blue lights and sirens have priority; pull over safely and do not block junctions.

Rain reduces grip and visibility: slow down, increase following distance to at least four seconds and use dipped headlights.

Standing water can cause aquaplaning; ease off the accelerator, hold the wheel steady and avoid sudden braking or steering.

Ice and snow: reduce speed, brake gently in a higher gear, and avoid sudden steering; winter tyres or chains may be required by signs.

Fog: use dipped headlights and fog lights when visibility is under 50 m; switch fog lights off when visibility improves to avoid dazzling others.

Strong crosswinds affect high-sided vehicles and motorcycles most; hold the wheel firmly and reduce speed on exposed sections.

Loose gravel, wet leaves and oil patches reduce grip; brake earlier and avoid sharp inputs.

At night, drive at a speed that lets you stop within the distance lit by your headlights; main beam should be dipped for oncoming traffic.

A load must be secured so it cannot move or fall; it must not obstruct lights, number plates, mirrors or the driver's view.

A load may overhang the front or rear only within the limits set by the code, and must be marked with a warning sign when it projects significantly.

Towing a trailer requires a suitable licence category, a coupling in good condition, and a breakaway cable or secondary coupling where required.

The maximum authorised mass of the vehicle plus trailer must not exceed the limits of the licence category and the vehicle's towing capacity.

Trailer tyres, lights, brakes and coupling must be checked before every journey; a trailer needs its own registration and insurance in Greece.

Roof loads increase the centre of gravity and aerodynamic drag; keep them low, centred and within the roof's permitted load.

Passengers must not ride in a trailer or caravan while it is being towed.

Category AM (mopeds up to 50 cc / 45 km/h) is available from 16 years; category A1 (up to 125 cc, 11 kW) from 17; A2 (up to 35 kW) from 18; A (unrestricted) from 20 with two years of A2 experience or 24 without.

Category B (cars up to 3,500 kg) is available from 18 years; B+E for trailers over 750 kg requires the appropriate test.

Category C (lorries over 3,500 kg) from 21 years with a medical certificate and CPC; category D (buses) from 24 years, or 21 with a CPC certificate.

Novice drivers (licence held under two years) face a stricter alcohol limit (0.20 g/L) and lower speed limits on some roads.

The learner permit requires an accompanying driver who has held the relevant licence for a set minimum period and sits in the front passenger seat.

Licences must be renewed periodically and a medical certificate is required from a certain age and for professional categories.

Driving without a valid licence or outside the category's restrictions is an offence with heavy penalties.

The electronic driving licence record (Σ.Ε.Σ.Υ.Π.) adds points for serious offences; reaching the threshold leads to licence suspension and retraining.

Drink-driving penalties escalate with blood alcohol level: higher fines, longer licence withdrawal and possible imprisonment above 1.10 g/L.

Using a mobile phone while driving carries an on-the-spot fine and points; repeat offences lead to licence withdrawal.

Running a red light, dangerous overtaking and speeding over 20 km/h above the limit carry points and fines.

Failure to wear a seat belt or helmet, and carrying a child without a proper restraint, are offences with fines and points.

Hit-and-run, driving without insurance and driving with a suspended licence are serious offences with criminal consequences.

Fines can be paid at a discount if paid promptly, or contested in court within the deadline stated on the notice.

Walk-around check: tyres (tread and pressure), lights, indicators, mirrors, number plates, windscreen and wipers, and any leaks under the vehicle.

Check that the warning triangle, first-aid kit, fire extinguisher and reflective vest are present and in good condition.

Adjust seat, mirrors and head restraint before starting; ensure all doors are closed and passengers are belted.

Check fuel level and, on long journeys, coolant and oil; a warning light that stays on after starting signals a fault.

Test the brakes at low speed after starting, especially after the car has been parked or washed.

In winter, clear snow and ice from the windows, lights and roof before driving; visibility and falling snow are both hazards.

Plan the route and check weather and traffic conditions; allow extra time in bad weather.

Petrol engines use a three-way catalytic converter to reduce CO, HC and NOx; it works only when the engine is at operating temperature.

Diesel engines use a particulate filter (DPF); short journeys can clog it, so periodic longer runs at speed help regeneration.

The on-board diagnostic (OBD) system stores fault codes; a persistent engine warning light means a fault affecting emissions or performance.

Start-stop systems switch off the engine when stationary to save fuel and reduce emissions.

Electric vehicles: regenerative braking recovers energy, and pre-conditioning while plugged in saves battery range.

Correct tyre pressure and wheel alignment reduce rolling resistance and fuel consumption.

Regular servicing keeps emissions within limits and is checked at the ΚΤΕΟ inspection.

Lorries and buses have large blind spots; never linger alongside them, especially on the right side where the blind spot is largest.

Heavy vehicles need much longer braking distances; do not cut in front of them after overtaking.

Buses pulling out of a stop in built-up areas may have priority; give way where signs or markings indicate.

Trams have priority; never obstruct tram rails and watch for passengers stepping off.

At level crossings, never stop on the tracks; wait until the exit is clear before crossing.

Long vehicles swing wide when turning; give them room at junctions and do not overtake on the inside of a turning lorry.

In tunnels and on bridges, keep a steady speed and a safe gap from heavy vehicles.

Use dipped headlights at night and in poor visibility; main beam only on unlit roads with no oncoming or preceding traffic.

Dip headlights when meeting oncoming traffic or following another vehicle to avoid dazzling other drivers.

Drive at a speed that allows stopping within the distance lit by your headlights.

Keep the windscreen, mirrors and lights clean; glare and dirt reduce visibility significantly.

Do not look directly at oncoming headlights; look toward the left edge of your lane to preserve night vision.

Fatigue and reduced visibility make night driving riskier; take breaks and avoid long night journeys when tired.

Pedestrians and cyclists are harder to see at night; slow down in built-up areas and near crossings.

Approach a roundabout at a speed allowing you to stop for circulating traffic; check mirrors and signal right on exit.

On multi-lane roundabouts, choose the correct lane before entering; the left lane is generally for left turns and U-turns, the right lane for right turns and straight ahead where marked.

Do not change lanes inside a roundabout without checking mirrors and blind spots; circulating vehicles have priority over entering ones.

At a T-junction, the vehicle on the terminating road yields; at a crossroads with no signs, yield to traffic from the right.

When turning left, position near the centre line; when turning right, position near the kerb and watch for cyclists on your inside.

Do not enter a junction unless you can clear it; blocking the junction obstructs crossing traffic.

Give way to pedestrians crossing the road you are entering, and to cyclists continuing straight when you turn.

In an emergency, brake firmly and progressively; with ABS, keep firm pressure and steer around the hazard.

Without ABS, brake firmly but avoid locking the wheels; if wheels lock, release slightly and reapply.

Skid control: ease off the accelerator and steer gently in the direction you want to go; avoid sudden braking.

On ice or snow, brake gently in a higher gear and avoid sudden steering inputs.

Keep both hands on the wheel and look where you want to go, not at the obstacle.

After a skid or emergency stop, check mirrors and resume a safe speed and following distance.

Practise emergency braking in a safe area to learn the feel of ABS and the stopping distance.

Approach zebra crossings at a speed allowing you to stop; give way to pedestrians on or about to enter the crossing.

Do not overtake a vehicle that has stopped at a crossing; a pedestrian may be hidden in front of it.

In school zones, reduce speed and watch for children who may step out unexpectedly.

School buses displaying a stop signal require drivers in both directions to stop until children have cleared the road.

Parking on or near a crossing is prohibited; it blocks visibility for both drivers and pedestrians.

At night and in rain, pedestrians are harder to see; slow down near crossings and in residential areas.

Give elderly and disabled pedestrians extra time and space to cross.

If you break down on a motorway, move to the hard shoulder or emergency bay, switch on hazard lights and put on a reflective vest before exiting.

Place the warning triangle at least 30 m behind the vehicle on a motorway (more if visibility is poor).

Exit the vehicle on the side away from traffic and stand behind the barrier; call for assistance using the emergency telephone or 112.

Never attempt repairs on the carriageway; wait for professional assistance.

If you cannot reach the hard shoulder, switch on hazard lights and, if safe, exit and move behind the barrier.

After an incident, rejoin the motorway only when you have reached a safe speed in the acceleration lane.

Report debris or hazards to the emergency services so other drivers are warned.

Within the EU/EEA, a Greek driving licence is generally recognised; carry it and, where required, an International Driving Permit outside the EU.

Compulsory equipment varies by country: reflective vest, warning triangle, first-aid kit, fire extinguisher, spare bulbs and breathalyser may be required.

Check local speed limits, alcohol limits and toll systems before crossing a border.

Third-party insurance is compulsory; a Green Card may be needed outside the EU/EEA.

Vehicle registration and insurance documents must be carried; some countries require proof of ownership.

Winter tyres or chains may be mandatory in mountainous regions during winter months.

Familiarise yourself with local priority rules and sign shapes, which may differ from Greek practice.

Children under 12 and shorter than 150 cm must use an appropriate child restraint system; a rear-facing seat must never be placed in front of an active airbag.

Seat belts are mandatory for all occupants; the driver is responsible for ensuring passengers are belted.

Pregnant women should position the lap belt under the bump and the shoulder belt across the chest.

Do not carry passengers in a way that obstructs the driver's view or control of the vehicle.

Passengers must not ride in a trailer or caravan while it is being towed.

Motorcycle passengers must use a proper seat, footrests and a fastened helmet.

Children should sit in the rear seats where possible, and the head restraint should be adjusted to the top of the head.

Tyre tread minimum is 1.6 mm across the central three-quarters; replace tyres before reaching the limit, especially for wet grip.

Check tyre pressure monthly when cold; under-inflation increases fuel use, heat and blowout risk.

Brake pads and discs wear gradually; a squeal, vibration or longer stopping distance signals the need for inspection.

Brake fluid absorbs moisture and should be replaced roughly every two years; a spongy pedal signals a fault.

Handbrake should hold the car on a slope; if it does not, have it adjusted.

Suspension and steering faults show as uneven tyre wear, vibration or poor handling; have them checked promptly.

The ΚΤΕΟ inspection checks brakes, lights, emissions, tyres, steering and body condition; a valid certificate is required.

Priority road sign (yellow diamond) indicates you have priority at intersections until a sign cancels it.

Give-way sign (inverted triangle) requires yielding to traffic on the priority road without necessarily stopping.

STOP sign (octagon) requires a complete stop at the stop line and giving way.

No-entry sign (red circle with white bar) prohibits entry; one-way signs indicate the permitted direction.

Mandatory signs (blue circles) include turn-left, turn-right, keep-left, keep-right and minimum speed.

Prohibition signs include speed limits, no overtaking, no parking and weight or height restrictions.

Warning signs (red-bordered triangles) include bends, junctions, pedestrian crossings, slippery road and level crossings.

Anticipate traffic and coast or decelerate gently instead of braking late; unnecessary braking wastes energy already used.

Change gear early (around 2,000–2,500 rpm for petrol, 1,500–2,000 rpm for diesel) to reduce fuel consumption.

Switch off the engine when stationary for more than about 30–60 seconds; idling burns fuel and increases emissions.

Remove roof racks and unnecessary loads; roof boxes and extra weight increase drag and fuel use.

Correct tyre pressure reduces rolling resistance; under-inflated tyres raise fuel consumption noticeably.

Use air conditioning sparingly; at low speeds prefer ventilation.

Regular servicing (air filter, spark plugs, oil) keeps the engine efficient and lowers emissions.

Plan routes to avoid congestion and combine errands to reduce cold starts and total distance.