FMRDA Medicine Admission flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Cell theory
- The principle that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic unit of life, and that new cells arise from existing cells by division.
- Mitosis versus meiosis
- Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells for growth and repair; meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid gametes through two divisions with crossing over.
- Enzyme function
- Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy. They are substrate-specific and denature at high temperature or extreme pH.
- Photosynthesis equation
- Six carbon dioxide molecules plus six water molecules, using light energy, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules inside chloroplasts.
- DNA base pairing
- In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds, keeping the double helix uniform in width.
- Mole and Avogadro number
- One mole of any substance contains 6.022 x 10^23 particles. Moles equal mass in grams divided by molar mass in grams per mole.
- Molarity definition
- Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. Dilution follows M1V1 = M2V2 because solute moles stay constant.
- Ideal gas law
- PV = nRT relates pressure, volume, moles, and absolute temperature of a gas, with R equal to 8.314 J/(mol·K) or 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K).
- pH scale
- pH equals the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic at standard temperature.
- Oxidation and reduction
- Oxidation is loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation number; reduction is gain of electrons. The oxidizing agent is itself reduced in the reaction.
- Le Chatelier's principle
- When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts to counteract the change. Catalysts affect rate, not position.
- Newton's second law
- The net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma). Weight is the gravitational force W = mg.
- Kinematic equations
- For constant acceleration: v = u + at, s = ut + half at squared, and v squared = u squared + 2as, linking velocity, displacement, and time.
- Ohm's law
- Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance (V = IR). Electrical power dissipated equals VI, also written as I squared R or V squared over R.
- Wave equation
- Wave speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength (v = f lambda). Light in vacuum travels at approximately 3.0 x 10^8 meters per second.
- Archimedes principle
- The buoyant force on an object in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. An object floats when this force balances its weight.
- Quadratic formula
- For ax squared plus bx plus c equals zero, x equals negative b plus or minus the square root of b squared minus 4ac, all divided by 2a.
- Logarithm rules
- The log of a product equals the sum of logs; the log of a quotient equals the difference; the log of a power equals the exponent times the log.
- Arithmetic sequence formulas
- The nth term is a + (n-1)d, where a is the first term and d the common difference. The sum of n terms is n/2 times twice a plus (n-1)d.
- Pythagorean identity
- For any angle x, sine squared x plus cosine squared x equals 1. Related identities include sine 2x equals 2 sine x cosine x.
- Derivative power rule
- The derivative of x to the power n is n times x to the power n minus 1. The chain rule multiplies by the derivative of the inner function.
- Probability addition rule
- For two events, the probability of A or B equals P(A) plus P(B) minus the probability of both occurring, correcting for double counting.
- Subject-verb agreement
- A singular subject requires a singular verb. With neither/nor or either/or, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it in the sentence.
- Affect versus effect
- Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Confusing the two is a common usage error.
- Active versus passive voice
- In active voice the subject performs the action; in passive voice the object becomes the subject and a form of be plus past participle is used.
- Semicolon usage
- A semicolon joins two independent clauses without a conjunction. A colon instead introduces a list, explanation, or elaboration after a complete clause.
- Dangling modifier
- An introductory phrase that does not logically modify the subject of the main clause is dangling and must be rewritten for clarity.
- Contrapositive equivalence
- The statement 'if P then Q' is logically equivalent to 'if not Q then not P'. The converse 'if Q then P' is not equivalent.
- Syllogism validity
- A syllogism is valid when its conclusion follows necessarily from its premises. If all A are B and all B are C, then all A are C.
- Percentage change formula
- Percentage change equals the new value minus the old value, divided by the old value, multiplied by 100. A positive result indicates an increase.
- United Nations founding
- The United Nations was founded in 1945 and is headquartered in New York. The WHO, UNESCO, and UNICEF operate as specialized UN agencies.
- Conditional reasoning trap
- Assuming the converse is true is a common reasoning error. 'If it rains the ground is wet' does not imply the ground being wet means it rained.