HESI A2 A&P study plan

Map every body system into a one-page hierarchy (organ system → organs → tissue types → cell structures) so you can name the components of each system from memory before studying any details.

Define and contrast the 11 organ systems by primary function, major organs, and one hallmark cell or tissue type, writing each definition in your own words.

Build a working vocabulary list of 60 directional, regional, and cavity terms (anterior, distal, mediastinum, pelvic, dorsal, etc.) and self-quiz until you can define 55 of 60 without notes.

Label a blank outline of the four tissue categories (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous) with location and function for each major subtype, from memory.

Explain the structure and function of the plasma membrane, including selective permeability, and predict which substances cross by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, or active transport.

Sequence the stages of mitosis and describe what happens to chromosomes, spindle fibers, and the nuclear envelope at each stage.

Describe the four primary tissue types at the cellular level and match each to at least two organs where it predominates.

Distinguish hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic effects on a cell and predict the direction of water movement in each case.

Trace the pathway of blood through the heart chambers and valves, naming each structure in order from vena cava to aorta.

Differentiate the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations by starting point, endpoint, and oxygenation change.

Describe the cardiac conduction sequence (SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers) and relate each step to the ECG waveform it produces.

Compare artery, vein, and capillary wall structure and explain how each structure supports its function.

Define cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate, and state the relationship among them.

Identify the formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) with their functions and normal relative abundances.

Explain the steps of hemostasis (vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation) in order.

Match ABO and Rh blood types to compatible donors and recipients and explain the antigen-antibody basis for transfusion reactions.

Describe the components of the lymphatic system and their roles in fluid return and immune surveillance.

Trace the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveoli, naming each structure and its function.

Explain the mechanics of inspiration and expiration, including the roles of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and pressure changes.

Describe gas exchange at the alveolus and how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.

Define lung volumes and capacities (tidal, vital, residual, total) and distinguish them from one another.

Sequence the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and state the primary digestive function of each.

Identify the accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas) and describe the secretions each contributes to digestion.

Explain where and how carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down and absorbed.

Describe the role of the kidneys in filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, and trace the path of filtrate through the nephron.

Describe the organization of the nervous system (CNS, PNS, autonomic divisions) and the function of each division.

Explain how a neuron generates and conducts an action potential, including resting potential, depolarization, and repolarization.

Identify the major endocrine glands and match each to at least one hormone and that hormone's primary effect.

Describe the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system, including the roles of bones, joints, and skeletal muscle contraction.

Complete two full-length timed practice sets covering all body systems and record your score and error categories.

Re-review every missed question by writing the correct concept in your own words and identifying why the wrong answer was tempting.

Recite the function of each of the 11 organ systems and one key organ for each from memory.

Build a one-page final review sheet of the 20 facts you missed most often across the plan.