PHUMA flashcards
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24 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- tema
- Idea central o asunto del que trata un texto, que se puede enunciar en una frase y se distingue de los temas secundarios que lo acompañan.
- tesis
- Postura o afirmación principal que el autor defiende en un texto argumentativo; suele aparecer en la introducción o el cierre y el resto del texto la sostiene.
- resumen
- Reformulación breve y fiel del contenido de un texto, con las ideas esenciales y sin opiniones ni detalles accesorios, respetando el orden lógico del original.
- coherencia
- Propiedad textual por la que las ideas se organizan en torno a un tema con una progresión lógica, sin contradicciones ni saltos que rompan el sentido global.
- cohesión
- Conjunto de mecanismos lingüísticos (conectores, pronombres, elipsis, repeticiones léxicas) que enlazan las oraciones y párrafos de un texto para que se lean como una unidad.
- conector
- Palabra o locución que señala la relación lógica entre segmentos del texto: adición, contraste, causa, consecuencia, orden o ejemplificación, entre otras.
- marcador discursivo
- Unidad lingüística que guía la interpretación del discurso y organiza la conversación o el texto escrito, como 'en primer lugar', 'sin embargo' o 'por cierto'.
- paráfrasis
- Reescritura de un enunciado o texto con otras palabras, conservando su significado esencial; puede ser explicativa, cuando aclara el contenido, o mecánica.
- Variable
- A symbol representing a quantity whose permitted values must follow the stated domain and the units of the problem rather than an unstated assumption.
- Domain
- The allowed inputs or values for a mathematical statement, including any restrictions from the context, a denominator, an even root or a count.
- Equation
- A claim that two expressions have equal values, whose solutions must make the original relation true and satisfy the declared restrictions.
- Inequality
- A comparison describing values above or below a boundary, with inclusion or exclusion of the boundary indicated by the relation used.
- Function
- A rule or relation assigning each permitted input exactly one output, distinguished from a general relation that may assign multiple outputs to one input.
- Slope
- The change in the vertical variable divided by the change in the horizontal variable between appropriate points on a nonvertical line.
- Intercept
- A point where a graph meets a specified coordinate axis, whose interpretation depends on the variable definitions and whether that point belongs to the model domain.
- Factor
- A multiplicative component of an expression or integer, distinguished from a term separated by addition when deciding whether cancellation is valid.
- Water potential
- Water chemical potential expressed relative to a defined pure-water reference, often in pressure units. Pure water at reference conditions is assigned zero; positive pressure can raise potential, and water moves toward lower potential.
- Osmosis
- The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to one of lower water potential. It is passive and driven by the water potential gradient.
- Solute potential
- The component of water potential caused by dissolved solutes, always negative or zero. More concentrated solutions have more negative solute potentials and so attract water.
- Plasmolysis
- Shrinking of the protoplast away from the plant cell wall when a cell loses water in a hypertonic solution. It occurs because the protoplast contracts while the rigid wall stays in place.
- Facilitated diffusion
- Passive movement through membrane channels or carriers down an electrochemical gradient. The transport step does not directly hydrolyze ATP, although other processes may use energy to establish the gradient.
- Active transport
- Energy-coupled movement against an electrochemical gradient. Primary transport can use ATP directly; secondary transport uses a gradient established by another energy-dependent process.
- Fluid mosaic model
- The description of membranes as a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules embedded in or attached to it, able to move laterally. It explains selective permeability and membrane flexibility.
- Prophase
- The first stage of mitosis, when chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres begin to form. Each chromosome is already duplicated into two sister chromatids.