HPSC HCS cheat sheet

Polity: Article 356 imposes President's Rule in a state on failure of constitutional machinery; Article 360 covers financial emergency; Article 352 covers national emergency.

Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35) are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts); the right to property was removed as a fundamental right by the 44th Amendment (1978) and made a legal right under Article 300A.

History: the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay; the Rowlatt Act (1919) and Jallianwala Bagh massacre preceded the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22); the Quit India Movement launched in August 1942.

Geography: the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, including Haryana (near Sirsa); India's westernmost point is in Gujarat; the Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Western and Eastern Ghats.

Economy: GDP at market prices = C + I + G + (X - M); fiscal deficit = total expenditure minus total receipts excluding borrowings; repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends to banks against securities.

Science: Newton's second law gives F = ma; Ohm's law gives V = IR; pH below 7 is acidic; the SI unit of force is the newton and of pressure the pascal.

Current affairs: track RBI monetary policy statements, Union Budget figures, Supreme Court constitutional-bench rulings, and Indian Space Research Organisation launches for the preceding 12 months.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; with 'either...or'/'neither...nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Common error traps: 'one of the' takes a plural noun but a singular verb; 'each', 'every', 'everyone' are singular; 'since' pairs with a point of time, 'for' with a duration.

Idioms: 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret; 'a bolt from the blue' means a sudden shock; 'to beat about the bush' means to avoid the main point.

Synonyms/antonyms are best resolved by word root: 'bene-' good, 'mal-' bad, 'anti-' against, 'circum-' around, 'pre-' before.

Direct to indirect speech: change the reporting verb tense, shift pronouns to the third person, and convert time words (today to that day, tomorrow to the next day).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes 'be + past participle', and the doer follows 'by'; only transitive verbs can be passivised.

Reading comprehension: locate the topic sentence, identify the author's tone (critical, neutral, persuasive), and reject options that are true but not stated in the passage.

संधि: स्वर संधि के प्रकार - दीर्घ (विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय), गुण (देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र), वृद्धि (एक + एक = एकैक), यण और अयादि।

समास: तत्पुरुष में उत्तर पद प्रधान, द्वंद्व में दोनों पद प्रधान, बहुव्रीहि में कोई भी पद प्रधान नहीं, अव्ययीभाव में पूर्व पद अव्यय होता है।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं - 'अनु' पीछे, 'अप' बुरा, 'प्रति' विरुद्ध/ओर, 'सु' अच्छा; प्रत्यय दो प्रकार के होते हैं - कृत् और तद्धित।

कारक चिह्न: कर्ता 'ने', कर्म 'को', करण 'से/के द्वारा', सम्प्रदान 'के लिए', अपादान 'से' (अलग होना), अधिकरण 'में/पर'।

मुहावरे: 'अंधे की लाठी' का अर्थ है एकमात्र सहारा; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ है भाग जाना; 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ है बहुत प्यारा।

वाक्य शुद्धि में लिंग, वचन, काल और पदक्रम की जाँच करें; अशुद्ध 'मैंने अपने घर गया' को 'मैं अपने घर गया' करें।

गद्यांश में मुख्य भाव, शीर्षक और लेखक का उद्देश्य पहचानें; विकल्पों में से वह चुनें जो पूरे अनुच्छेद का सार हो।

Haryana was carved out of Punjab on 1 November 1966 on the recommendation of the Shah Commission; Chandigarh is its capital and is a shared Union Territory with Punjab.

The state has 22 districts; the largest district by area is Sirsa and the smallest is Faridabad; Gurugram and Faridabad form part of the National Capital Region.

Major rivers: Yamuna forms the eastern boundary, Ghaggar is seasonal, and the Sutlej does not flow through Haryana; the Western Yamuna Canal and Gurgaon Canal are key irrigation channels.

Historical sites: Kurukshetra (Mahabharata battlefield and Brahma Sarovar), Thanesar (capital of Harshavardhana), Panipat (three historic battles in 1526, 1556 and 1761), and Surajkund in Faridabad.

Culture: Haryanvi folk dances include Saang, Chhathi, Khoria and Phag; the 'Pagri' and 'Chhachh' are cultural markers; Surajkund International Crafts Mela is held annually in Faridabad.

Administration: the Governor is the constitutional head; the Chief Minister heads the Council of Ministers; the Haryana Vidhan Sabha has 90 seats and the state sends 10 members to the Lok Sabha and 5 to the Rajya Sabha.

Welfare and economy: Haryana has one of India's highest per-capita incomes; key schemes include Parivar Pehchan Patra (family ID), Mukhyamantri Antyodaya Parivar Utthan Yojana and the Haryana Kaushal Rozgar Nigam for skilled employment.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes (n², n³) and alternating patterns; consecutive prime positions often follow +2, +3, +5, +7.

Coding-decoding: map letter positions A=1 to Z=26; reverse alphabet pairs A-Z, B-Y, C-X; test shift (+1, -2) or reversal before concluding.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with symbols for male, female, married and sibling; 'maternal' means mother's side, 'paternal' means father's side.

Direction sense: use a compass grid; on turning right from north you face east; displacement is the straight-line distance, found by Pythagoras.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' means A is a subset of B; 'Some A are B' means at least one common element; a conclusion is valid only if true in every possible diagram.

Seating arrangement: fix the reference person, place left/right relative to facing direction (facing north: left is west), then eliminate possibilities.

Analogy and classification: identify the relation type - worker and tool, cause and effect, part and whole, or synonym - before choosing the pair.

Speed, time, distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; for equal distances, average speed = 2xy/(x+y).

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP × 100; successive discounts of a% and b% equal a single discount of a + b - ab/100.

Simple and compound interest: SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T - P; for two years the CI-SI difference equals P(R/100)².

Time and work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; use LCM of days as total work units.

Percentages and averages: x% increase followed by x% decrease leaves a net decrease of x²/100 percent; average = sum/number of terms.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr, volume of cylinder = πr²h, total surface area of cube = 6a²; diagonal of a rectangle = √(l² + b²).

Permutation and combination: nPr = n!/(n-r)! and nCr = n!/[r!(n-r)!]; probability = favourable outcomes divided by total outcomes.

Essay structure: introduction stating the thesis, two to four body paragraphs each with one argument and evidence, and a conclusion that restates the position without new points.

Precis rules: reduce to roughly one-third of the original length, retain only the central idea, write in the third person, and avoid quotations, examples and personal opinion.

Give the precis an original title that reflects the passage's main theme, not a copied phrase from the text.

Use cohesive devices - 'however', 'therefore', 'in contrast', 'consequently' - to link paragraphs; avoid rhetorical questions in formal writing.

Word limit control: plan roughly 150 words per paragraph for a 300-word essay; count words to stay within the prescribed range.

Common essay topics: women empowerment, digital India, environmental conservation, education reform, and Haryana's agricultural and industrial development.

Proofread for subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, spelling and punctuation; keep sentences under about 25 words for clarity.

Haryana Day is celebrated on 1 November, marking the state's formation in 1966; Hindi is the official language and Haryanvi is the widely spoken dialect.

The state animal is the blackbuck, the state bird is the black francolin, the state tree is the peepal and the state flower is the lotus.

Kurukshetra hosts the annual Gita Jayanti and the Haryana government's International Gita Mahotsav; the Saraswati river is central to its heritage.

Agriculture: Haryana is a leading producer of wheat, rice, mustard and sugarcane; the Green Revolution transformed districts such as Karnal and Kurukshetra.

Industry: Maruti Suzuki's plant is in Gurugram, and Faridabad, Panipat and Sonipat are major industrial centres; the state has a strong IT and auto-component base.

Sports: Haryana has produced Olympic medallists including Neeraj Chopra (javelin, gold in Tokyo 2020), and the state runs the Bhim Award for sportspersons.

Administration: the state is divided into divisions such as Ambala, Hisar, Gurugram and Rohtak; the Haryana Public Service Commission conducts the HCS examination.

Haryana Day is celebrated on 1 November, marking the state's formation in 1966; Hindi is the official language and Haryanvi is the widely spoken dialect.

The state animal is the blackbuck, the state bird is the black francolin, the state tree is the peepal and the state flower is the lotus.

Kurukshetra hosts the annual Gita Jayanti and the International Gita Mahotsav; the Saraswati river is central to its heritage.

Agriculture: Haryana is a leading producer of wheat, rice, mustard and sugarcane; the Green Revolution transformed districts such as Karnal and Kurukshetra.

Industry: Maruti Suzuki's plant is in Gurugram, and Faridabad, Panipat and Sonipat are major industrial centres; the state has a strong IT and auto-component base.

Sports: Haryana has produced Olympic medallists including Neeraj Chopra (javelin, gold in Tokyo 2020), and the state runs the Bhim Award for sportspersons.

Administration: the state is divided into divisions such as Ambala, Hisar, Gurugram and Rohtak; the Haryana Public Service Commission conducts the HCS examination.