UKOM Sp.A flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Apgar score components

Five components each scored 0-2: appearance (color), pulse, grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration. Assigned at 1 and 5 minutes.

Surfactant indication in RDS

Give surfactant when an infant with respiratory distress syndrome needs FiO2 above 0.30 on CPAP with PEEP of at least 6 cmH2O, or prophylactically if intubated.

Therapeutic hypothermia criteria

Cooling to 33.5 °C for 72 hours is offered for moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in infants born at 36 weeks or more, started within 6 hours.

Necrotizing enterocolitis triad

Abdominal distension, bloody stools, and pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal radiograph. Management includes stopping feeds, nasogastric decompression, and antibiotics.

WHO versus CDC growth charts

WHO charts are used from birth to 24 months because they reflect breastfed growth; CDC charts are used from 2 to 20 years for monitoring older children.

Red flag developmental milestones

No social smile by 2 months, no babbling by 6 months, no sitting by 9 months, no walking by 18 months, or loss of previously acquired skills.

Autism screening schedule

The M-CHAT-R/F is administered at the 18-month and 24-month health visits. A positive screen prompts referral for comprehensive developmental evaluation and early intervention.

BMI percentile categories

Underweight is below the 5th percentile, normal 5th to 84th, overweight 85th to 94th, obesity at or above 95th, and severe obesity at or above 99th.

Phenylketonuria management

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency causes phenylalanine accumulation. Treatment is a low-phenylalanine diet with tyrosine supplementation; sapropterin helps responsive patients. Untreated disease causes intellectual disability.

MCAD deficiency features

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency causes hypoketotic hypoglycemia triggered by fasting or illness. Management is frequent feeding, carnitine supplementation, and avoidance of prolonged fasting.

Urea cycle disorder treatment

Hyperammonemia with respiratory alkalosis is treated with nitrogen scavengers such as sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate, plus arginine or citrulline and protein restriction.

Vitamin D prophylaxis

Breastfed infants and all infants should receive 400 IU of vitamin D daily from birth. Older children need 600 IU daily to prevent rickets.

Kawasaki disease criteria

Fever for at least 5 days plus 4 of: conjunctivitis, mucositis, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy. Treat with IVIG 2 g/kg and aspirin.

UK MMR schedule

MMR is given at 1 year and again at 3 years 4 months. Two doses provide about 99% protection against measles. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and severe immunosuppression.

Kawasaki coronary risk

Untreated Kawasaki disease causes coronary artery aneurysms in up to 25% of cases. Prompt IVIG within 10 days reduces this risk substantially.

Neonatal sepsis empiric therapy

Group B Streptococcus and E. coli are leading causes. Empirical treatment is benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin, adjusted once culture results are available.

Acute asthma management

Give salbutamol via spacer, add ipratropium for severe attacks, and systemic corticosteroids within 1 hour. Magnesium sulfate is reserved for life-threatening attacks.

Croup treatment

Barking cough with inspiratory stridor is treated with a single dose of dexamethasone. Nebulized adrenaline is added for moderate-to-severe cases with stridor at rest.

Bronchiolitis supportive care

RSV bronchiolitis is managed with oxygen if SpO2 falls below 90-92%, fluids, and suction. Bronchodilators, steroids, and antibiotics are not routinely indicated.

Cyanotic congenital heart lesions

The five Ts are Truncus arteriosus, Transposition of the great arteries, Tricuspid atresia, Tetralogy of Fallot, and Total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Nephrotic syndrome triad

Edema, heavy proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia below 25 g/L. First-line treatment is oral prednisolone; most children with minimal change disease respond.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury, usually following Shiga toxin-producing E. coli diarrhea. Antibiotics and antimotility drugs are avoided.

Biliary atresia presentation

Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, pale stools, and dark urine in the first 2 months. Kasai portoenterostomy before 60 days of age improves native liver survival.

Intussusception features

Colicky abdominal pain, redcurrant jelly stools, and a sausage-shaped mass. Air or contrast enema is both diagnostic and therapeutic if there is no perforation.

Iron deficiency anemia treatment

Microcytic hypochromic anemia with low ferritin is treated with oral elemental iron 3-6 mg/kg/day. Reticulocyte response is expected within 2-4 weeks.

Anaphylaxis first-line treatment

Intramuscular adrenaline 0.01 mg/kg, maximum 0.5 mg, into the anterolateral thigh. Repeat after 5 minutes if symptoms persist; antihistamines are adjuncts only.

Neutropenic sepsis emergency

Fever of 38 °C or higher with absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹/L requires broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics within 1 hour of presentation.

Simple febrile seizure

A generalized seizure lasting under 15 minutes in a child aged 6 months to 5 years with fever, without CNS infection. Routine EEG and imaging are not indicated.

Pediatric CPR ratio

For two rescuers, give 5 rescue breaths then 15 compressions to 2 ventilations at 100-120 compressions per minute, with depth one-third of chest diameter.

Congenital hypothyroidism treatment

Levothyroxine 10-15 mcg/kg/day started within 2 weeks of birth prevents intellectual disability. Newborn screening detects the condition before clinical signs appear.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency is the commonest cause. Neonates may present with salt-wasting crisis; affected females have ambiguous genitalia. Treat with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.

Gillick competence

A child under 16 can consent to treatment if they have sufficient understanding and intelligence to fully comprehend the decision. Assess each case individually.