UKOM Sp.KJ flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mesolimbic pathway

Dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens and limbic structures; hyperactivity is linked to positive psychotic symptoms and reward dysregulation.

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

Dopamine neurons from arcuate nucleus to pituitary that inhibit prolactin release; blockade by antipsychotics causes hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea and amenorrhea.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists with rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, and raised creatine kinase; treat by stopping the drug and giving dantrolene or bromocriptine.

Serotonin syndrome

Toxic excess of serotonergic activity causing clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, and hyperthermia; commonly from SSRI combined with MAOI, tramadol, or linezolid.

First-rank symptoms

Schneiderian phenomena including audible thoughts, voices arguing, thought insertion or withdrawal, made feelings, and delusional perception; historically suggestive of schizophrenia.

Flight of ideas

Rapid speech with frequent topic shifts still linked by understandable associations; typical of mania rather than the incoherence of schizophrenia.

Overvalued idea

A solitary, understandable belief pursued with less rigidity than a delusion; often seen in personality disorders and not by itself diagnostic of psychosis.

Decision-making capacity

Ability to understand relevant information, retain it, weigh it in a decision, and communicate a choice; assessed for a specific decision at a specific time.

Schizophreniform disorder

Psychotic disorder with schizophrenia symptoms lasting at least one month but less than six months; prognosis is better than schizophrenia and treatment is similar.

Schizoaffective disorder

Illness with a major mood episode plus psychotic symptoms, where delusions or hallucinations persist for at least two weeks without mood symptoms.

Tardive dyskinesia

Involuntary oro-facial and limb movements appearing after months to years of dopamine antagonist exposure; treat with VMAT2 inhibitors such as valbenazine.

Catatonia

Syndrome of psychomotor abnormality with stupor, catalepsy, mutism, negativism, or posturing; treat with benzodiazepines and ECT if refractory.

Mixed features specifier

Presence of subthreshold opposite-polarity symptoms during a mood episode, such as manic symptoms during depression; raises suicide risk and restricts antidepressant monotherapy.

Rapid cycling

Four or more mood episodes within twelve months in bipolar disorder; associated with female sex, thyroid disease, and antidepressant use; treat with mood stabilizer.

Treatment-resistant depression

Failure of at least two adequate antidepressant trials in dose and duration; next steps include lithium or atypical antipsychotic augmentation, ECT, or esketamine.

Panic attack

Abrupt surge of intense fear peaking within minutes with palpitations, dyspnea, choking, dizziness, and fear of dying or losing control.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Trauma-related disorder with intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitions, and hyperarousal lasting over one month; trauma-focused psychotherapy is first-line.

Exposure and response prevention

Behavioural therapy for OCD where patients face feared triggers and refrain from rituals; first-line alongside high-dose SSRI.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium

Delirium tremens occurring 48 to 96 hours after alcohol cessation with confusion, tremor, sweating, and tachycardia; treat with benzodiazepines and thiamine.

Wernicke encephalopathy

Thiamine deficiency causing confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia; give parenteral thiamine before glucose to prevent Korsakoff syndrome.

Naloxone

Short-acting opioid antagonist used for overdose with respiratory depression; repeated doses or infusion may be needed because its half-life is shorter than most opioids.

Delirium

Acute fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness due to a medical cause; manage by treating the cause and using environmental measures before antipsychotics.

Lewy body dementia

Dementia with fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, parkinsonism, and REM sleep behaviour disorder; severe neuroleptic sensitivity means avoiding typical antipsychotics.

Frontotemporal dementia

Neurodegeneration with behavioural disinhibition, apathy, or language impairment; cholinesterase inhibitors are generally ineffective and may worsen behaviour.

ADHD diagnostic threshold

At least six inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms before age twelve, across two settings; five suffice for those aged seventeen or older.

Autism spectrum disorder

Developmental disorder with persistent social communication deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviours; early behavioural intervention improves function and no biomedical cure exists.

Tourette disorder

Multiple motor tics plus at least one vocal tic for over a year; often comorbid with ADHD and OCD; treat with behavioural therapy or alpha-2 agonists.

Pseudodementia

Depressive cognitive impairment in older adults with prominent complaints, variable performance, and improvement after treating depression; unlike dementia, effort fluctuates.

Beers criteria

List of medications potentially inappropriate in older adults, including benzodiazepines and anticholinergics, because of falls, fractures, and delirium risk.

Dialectical behaviour therapy

Structured therapy teaching mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal skills; first-line for borderline personality disorder and repeated self-harm.

Motivational interviewing

Collaborative, autonomy-supportive counselling style using open questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries to elicit the patient's own change talk.

Involuntary admission criteria

Detention justified by serious mental disorder with risk to self or others or inability to self-care; requires review, legal representation, and least restrictive care under Indonesian Law 18/2014.