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Question 1Unseen translation of Latin prose

In the sentence 'Caesar, ubi id nuntiatum est, celeriter milites in armis esse iussit', what does 'in armis esse' mean?

  1. to be under the command of a general
  2. to be under arms, i.e. armed and ready Correct answer.
  3. to be in the middle of a battle
  4. to be in the camp

Explanation

'In armis esse' is an idiomatic Latin phrase meaning 'to be under arms', i.e. armed and prepared for fighting. The preposition 'in' with the ablative here expresses a state rather than motion, so the sense is readiness for battle, not location.

Question 2Unseen translation of Latin prose

What is the case and function of 'nuntiatum est' in 'ubi id nuntiatum est'?

  1. It is a future passive meaning 'when this will have been reported'
  2. It is an active perfect meaning 'when he reported this'
  3. It is a present passive meaning 'when this is being reported'
  4. It is a perfect passive impersonal construction meaning 'when this was reported' Correct answer.

Explanation

'Nuntiatum est' is the perfect passive of 'nuntiare', used impersonally with 'id' as the subject: 'this was announced/reported'. The perfect passive is formed from the supine stem plus a form of 'esse', so the tense is past, not present or future.

Question 3Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'hostes flumen transire conati sunt', what does 'conati sunt' contribute to the meaning?

  1. They were forced to cross
  2. They tried (a conative attempt) Correct answer.
  3. They refused to cross
  4. They succeeded in crossing

Explanation

'Conor, conari' is a deponent verb meaning 'to try, attempt'. The perfect 'conati sunt' therefore means 'they tried', and Latin often leaves the outcome to context rather than asserting success.

Question 4Unseen translation of Latin prose

Which translation best renders 'milites, ne oppidum caperetur, pontem resciderunt'?

  1. The soldiers, after capturing the town, cut down the bridge
  2. The soldiers, so that the town might not be captured, cut down the bridge Correct answer.
  3. The soldiers, although the town was captured, cut down the bridge
  4. The soldiers, because the town had been captured, cut down the bridge

Explanation

'Ne' introduces a negative purpose clause, normally with the present or imperfect subjunctive; 'caperetur' is imperfect subjunctive passive. The clause therefore expresses the soldiers' purpose: to prevent the town being taken.

Question 5Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'his rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones eduxit', how is 'his rebus cognitis' best translated?

  1. By learning these things himself
  2. When these things had been learned Correct answer.
  3. These things were being learned
  4. These things having learned him

Explanation

'His rebus cognitis' is an ablative absolute: a noun and a perfect passive participle in the ablative, grammatically independent of the main clause. It is naturally rendered 'when/after these things had been learned'.

Question 6Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'imperator, quamquam vulneratus erat, in acie manebat', what kind of clause is introduced by 'quamquam'?

  1. A result clause with the subjunctive
  2. A purpose clause with the subjunctive
  3. A concessive clause with the indicative Correct answer.
  4. A temporal clause with the subjunctive

Explanation

'Quamquam' introduces a concessive clause meaning 'although', and it normally takes the indicative because it states an admitted fact. The subjunctive is not required, unlike 'cum' concessive.

Question 7Unseen translation of Latin prose

What does 'pro certo habere' mean in a historical narrative such as 'pro certo habebant hostes adesse'?

  1. to keep something secret
  2. to regard as certain, to be sure Correct answer.
  3. to hold a position firmly in battle
  4. to make a formal promise

Explanation

'Pro certo habere' is an idiom meaning 'to regard as certain' or 'to be convinced'. 'Pro' with the ablative here expresses the capacity in which something is held, not a physical location.

Question 8Unseen translation of Latin prose

In the sentence 'legati pacem petierunt', what is the tense and mood of 'petierunt'?

  1. Present indicative active
  2. Perfect indicative active Correct answer.
  3. Perfect subjunctive active
  4. Pluperfect indicative active

Explanation

'Petierunt' is the third person plural perfect indicative active of 'peto, petere, petivi, petitum'. The ending '-erunt' marks the perfect indicative, distinct from the present 'petunt'.

Question 9Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'dixit se venturum esse', how should the accusative-and-infinitive construction be translated?

  1. He said that he had come
  2. He said that he was coming at that moment
  3. He said that he would come Correct answer.
  4. He said that he might come

Explanation

After a verb of saying, Latin uses the accusative and infinitive for indirect statement. 'Venturum esse' is the future active infinitive, so the reported time is later than the saying: 'he would come'.

Question 10Unseen translation of Latin prose

Which rendering correctly captures the result clause in 'tanta erat tempestas ut naves perirent'?

  1. Although the storm was great, the ships were lost
  2. So great was the storm that the ships were lost Correct answer.
  3. The storm was so great that the ships might perhaps be lost
  4. The storm was great because the ships were being lost

Explanation

'Tanta... ut' with the imperfect subjunctive 'perirent' marks a result clause: the storm was of such a size that the ships were destroyed. 'Tanta' is the correlative that signals the result construction.

Question 11Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'cum Caesar in Galliam venisset, Helvetii iam iter fecerant', what does 'cum' with the pluperfect subjunctive express?

  1. A purpose ('in order that Caesar might come')
  2. A circumstance already completed before the main action ('when/since Caesar had come') Correct answer.
  3. A comparison ('as if Caesar had come')
  4. A condition ('if Caesar had come')

Explanation

'Cum' with the pluperfect subjunctive in a narrative clause marks an action prior to the main verb, often rendered 'when/since... had'. The pluperfect subjunctive shows the earlier completion of Caesar's arrival.

Question 12Unseen translation of Latin prose

What is the force of 'quin' in 'non dubito quin hostes venturi sint'?

  1. It introduces a comparison: 'than the enemy comes'
  2. It introduces a temporal clause: 'until the enemy comes'
  3. It introduces a clause of doubting/hindering after a negative expression: 'I do not doubt that the enemy will come' Correct answer.
  4. It introduces a purpose clause: 'so that the enemy may come'

Explanation

After expressions of doubting or hindering, 'quin' with the subjunctive follows a negative or interrogative main clause. With 'non dubito', it means 'I do not doubt that...'.

Question 13Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'urbs, quae a militibus defenderetur, tamen capta est', what does the relative clause with subjunctive indicate?

  1. A purpose: 'in order to be defended'
  2. A simple statement of fact with no special nuance
  3. A descriptive circumstance or concession: 'which was (though) being defended by the soldiers' Correct answer.
  4. A result: 'so that it was defended'

Explanation

A relative clause with the subjunctive in narrative often has a circumstantial or concessive colouring, especially with 'tamen' in the main clause. It explains the situation rather than simply stating a fact.

Question 14Unseen translation of Latin prose

Which translation best renders the gerundive in 'Caesar pontem faciendum curavit'?

  1. Caesar arranged for a bridge to be built Correct answer.
  2. Caesar was building a bridge
  3. Caesar built a bridge with care
  4. Caesar arranged to build a bridge himself

Explanation

The gerundive 'faciendum' with 'curavit' expresses an order or arrangement: 'he had a bridge built'. The gerundive is passive and conveys what is to be done, not the agent's own action.

Question 15Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'si id fecisset, nunc salvus esset', what kind of conditional is this?

  1. A past-unreal condition with a present result Correct answer.
  2. A future-more-vivid condition
  3. A past simple condition with no unreality
  4. A present general condition

Explanation

The pluperfect subjunctive in the 'si' clause plus the imperfect subjunctive in the main clause marks a mixed unreal condition: the condition is past and unfulfilled, while the result is present. It is rendered 'if he had done this, he would now be safe'.

Question 16Unseen translation of Latin prose

What does 'futurum esse ut hostes vincerentur' most naturally mean?

  1. The enemy would defeat them in the future
  2. It would come about that the enemy would be defeated Correct answer.
  3. The enemy had been defeated in the future
  4. The enemy were about to win

Explanation

'Fore/futurum esse ut' plus the subjunctive is the future periphrastic indirect statement: 'it would happen that...'. The passive subjunctive 'vincerentur' makes the enemy the ones defeated.

Question 17Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'imperator milites hortatus est ut fortiter pugnarent', what is the mood and function of 'pugnarent'?

  1. Imperfect indicative in a temporal clause
  2. Present subjunctive in a purpose clause
  3. Imperfect subjunctive in an indirect command Correct answer.
  4. Perfect subjunctive in a result clause

Explanation

Verbs of urging, ordering, or persuading take 'ut' with the subjunctive in indirect command. The imperfect subjunctive 'pugnarent' depends on the main verb 'hortatus est'.

Question 18Unseen translation of Latin prose

What is the meaning of 'haud dubie' in 'haud dubie hostes appropinquabant'?

  1. not far away
  2. in a doubtful manner, i.e. uncertainly
  3. with hesitation
  4. without doubt, undoubtedly Correct answer.

Explanation

'Haud dubie' is an adverbial phrase meaning 'undoubtedly, without doubt'. 'Haud' negates, and 'dubie' from 'dubius' supplies the sense of doubt.

Question 19Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'oppido capto, milites praedam sibi diviserunt', how is 'sibi' best explained?

  1. Ablative of means: 'with themselves'
  2. Dative of advantage with 'diviserunt': 'they divided the booty for themselves' Correct answer.
  3. Genitive of possession: 'the booty of themselves'
  4. Accusative object: 'they divided themselves'

Explanation

'Sibi' is the dative of the reflexive pronoun, marking the persons for whose benefit the booty was divided. The reflexive refers back to the subject 'milites'.

Question 20Unseen translation of Latin prose

Which best translates 'nemo erat quin hoc videret'?

  1. Everyone refused to see this
  2. No one was able to see this
  3. There was no one who did not see this Correct answer.
  4. There was no one to see this

Explanation

'Nemo est/erat quin' with the subjunctive means 'there is/was no one who does not...'. The 'quin' clause supplies a double negative that yields an affirmative sense.

Question 21Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'tam callidus erat imperator ut numquam insidiis caperetur', what does the subjunctive 'caperetur' express?

  1. A result clause: he was so clever that he was never caught Correct answer.
  2. A purpose clause: he was clever in order to avoid traps
  3. A causal clause: because he was caught
  4. A concessive clause: although he was caught

Explanation

'Tam... ut' with the imperfect subjunctive marks result: the commander's cleverness was of such a degree that no ambush ever caught him. The correlative 'tam' is the key signal.

Question 22Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'quod ubi Caesar comperit, maturius quam constituerat profectus est', what does 'quam constituerat' express?

  1. A purpose: 'in order to arrange'
  2. A condition: 'if he had arranged'
  3. A comparison with a prior decision: 'earlier than he had arranged' Correct answer.
  4. A result: 'so that he arranged'

Explanation

'Quam' after the comparative 'maturius' introduces a comparison, and 'constituerat' is pluperfect indicative stating an earlier decision. The whole phrase means 'earlier than he had arranged'.

Question 23Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'ne quis ex castris egrederetur imperavit', what is the force of 'ne quis' with the subjunctive?

  1. A fear clause: 'he feared that someone would leave'
  2. A purpose clause: 'so that someone might leave'
  3. A result clause: 'with the result that no one left'
  4. A negative command: 'he ordered that no one leave the camp' Correct answer.

Explanation

'Ne quis' introduces a negative indirect command after a verb of ordering, with the imperfect subjunctive 'egrederetur'. The sense is a prohibition reported indirectly.

Question 24Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'non tam virtute quam numero hostium territi sunt', how should 'non tam... quam' be rendered?

  1. both by courage and by number equally
  2. by courage rather than by fear of numbers
  3. not so much by courage as by the number of the enemy Correct answer.
  4. not by courage but by nothing at all

Explanation

'Non tam... quam' is a correlative comparison meaning 'not so much... as'. It contrasts two explanations and gives the greater weight to the second.

Question 25Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'dubitabat num legati venissent', what does 'num' with the subjunctive express?

  1. A purpose clause: 'so that the envoys might come'
  2. A conditional: 'if the envoys had come'
  3. An indirect question: 'he was doubting whether the envoys had come' Correct answer.
  4. A direct question expecting 'no'

Explanation

'Num' introduces an indirect question after a verb of doubting or asking, with the subjunctive. The pluperfect 'venissent' shows the action is prior to the doubting.

Question 26Unseen translation of Latin prose

In the sentence 'milites pontem rescindere iussi sunt', how is the infinitive 'rescindere' functioning?

  1. As a complementary infinitive after 'iussi sunt' Correct answer.
  2. As a historic infinitive narrating the action
  3. As the main verb of the sentence
  4. As the verb of an indirect statement

Explanation

Verbs of ordering such as iubeo take a passive form with the person ordered as subject and the action expressed by a complementary infinitive: 'iussi sunt rescindere' = 'they were ordered to destroy'. The infinitive completes the meaning of the passive verb and is not the sentence's main verb.

Question 27Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'hostes flumen transire conati sunt', what does 'conati sunt' contribute to the sense of the sentence?

  1. It makes the sentence a future condition
  2. It turns 'transire' into a passive infinitive
  3. It states that the crossing certainly happened
  4. It expresses a completed attempt: 'they tried to cross' Correct answer.

Explanation

The deponent verb 'conor, conari, conatus sum' means 'try, attempt', and with a complementary infinitive it expresses an attempt rather than success: 'they tried to cross the river'. The perfect participle of a deponent is active in meaning, so 'conati sunt' is simply 'they tried'.

Question 28Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'Caesar, ubi id audivit, statim arma sumi iussit', what does 'ubi' introduce?

  1. A causal clause meaning 'because'
  2. A purpose clause meaning 'in order that'
  3. A concessive clause meaning 'although'
  4. A temporal clause meaning 'when' Correct answer.

Explanation

'Ubi' as a conjunction regularly introduces a temporal clause, 'when' or 'as soon as', with the indicative when it marks a definite event: 'when he heard this'. Purpose is expressed by 'ut' with the subjunctive, concession by 'quamquam' or 'cum' with subjunctive, and cause by 'quod' or 'quia'.

Question 29Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'legati, qui missi erant, tandem redierunt', how should 'qui missi erant' be translated?

  1. who are sending
  2. who had been sent Correct answer.
  3. who will have been sent
  4. who were being sent

Explanation

The relative clause contains 'missi erant', a passive pluperfect indicative meaning 'had been sent'. The action of sending precedes the main verb 'redierunt' ('returned'), which the pluperfect marks clearly in English as 'had been sent'.

Question 30Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'militibus praedam dividere placuit', what case is 'militibus' and why?

  1. Dative, because 'placuit' takes a dative of the person pleased Correct answer.
  2. Vocative, because the soldiers are being addressed
  3. Accusative, because it is the object of 'placuit'
  4. Ablative, because it expresses the means of dividing

Explanation

The impersonal verb 'placet' with a dative means 'it pleases (someone)', hence 'the soldiers decided/were pleased to divide the booty'. The dative marks the person to whom the decision is pleasing, and the infinitive 'dividere' supplies the content of the decision.

Question 31Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'oppidum magna vi oppugnatum est', what is the voice and tense of 'oppugnatum est'?

  1. Deponent perfect: 'attacked (for itself)'
  2. Passive present: 'is attacked'
  3. Passive perfect: 'was attacked' Correct answer.
  4. Active perfect: 'attacked'

Explanation

The perfect passive is formed from the perfect participle plus a form of 'esse': 'oppugnatum est' = 'it was attacked'. The subject 'oppidum' receives the action, confirming the passive voice.

Question 32Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'naves, quas hostes ceperant, incensae sunt', what does the pluperfect 'ceperant' show?

  1. The capture was never completed
  2. The capture happened after the burning
  3. The capture and burning happened at the same time
  4. The capture happened before the burning Correct answer.

Explanation

The pluperfect marks an action completed before another past action. Here 'ceperant' ('had captured') precedes the main verb 'incensae sunt' ('were burned'), so the ships were burned after being captured.

Question 33Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'Caesar milites hortatus est ut fortiter pugnarent', what does 'hortatus est' mean?

  1. he encouraged Correct answer.
  2. he had been encouraged
  3. he was encouraged
  4. he encouraged himself

Explanation

'Hortor' is a deponent verb: its passive-looking forms have active meaning, so 'hortatus est' = 'he encouraged'. It introduces an 'ut' clause of indirect command, 'that they should fight bravely'.

Question 34Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'hostes, simul ac signum datum est, impetum fecerunt', how should 'simul ac' be rendered?

  1. because
  2. although
  3. at the same time as, but only if
  4. as soon as Correct answer.

Explanation

'Simul ac' (also 'simul atque') is a temporal conjunction meaning 'as soon as', introducing the event immediately preceding the main action: 'as soon as the signal was given'. It is not concessive or causal.

Question 35Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'imperator, ne milites urbem diruerent, edixit', what does 'ne' introduce?

  1. A fear clause: 'that they might destroy'
  2. A negative purpose clause: 'so that they would not destroy' Correct answer.
  3. A conditional clause: 'if they did not destroy'
  4. A negative result clause: 'so that they did not destroy'

Explanation

After a verb of ordering or commanding, 'ne' plus the subjunctive expresses a negative command or purpose: 'he ordered that they should not destroy'. The subjunctive 'diruerent' is imperfect because of sequence of tenses after a past main verb.

Question 36Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'tantus erat timor ut nemo loqui auderet', what does the 'ut' clause express?

  1. A purpose: 'in order that no one dared to speak'
  2. A condition: 'if no one dared to speak'
  3. A result: 'so great that no one dared to speak' Correct answer.
  4. A concession: 'although no one dared to speak'

Explanation

After a correlative such as 'tantus' in the main clause, 'ut' with the subjunctive introduces a result clause. The sense is 'such was the fear that no one dared to speak', not a purpose or condition.

Question 37Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'dixit se venturum esse', how should 'se' be understood?

  1. It refers to someone other than the speaker
  2. It is an impersonal pronoun meaning 'one'
  3. It refers to the speaker, 'he said that he himself would come' Correct answer.
  4. It is a reflexive object of 'dixit' in the accusative

Explanation

In indirect statement, the reflexive pronoun 'se' refers to the subject of the main verb, here 'he' who spoke: 'he said that he himself would come'. A different person would be expressed by 'eum' or by a name.

Question 38Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'cum hostes appropinquarent, Caesar castra muniri iussit', what does 'cum' with the imperfect subjunctive express?

  1. A concessive clause, 'although the enemy were approaching'
  2. A causal clause, 'because the enemy were approaching'
  3. A temporal clause, 'when the enemy were approaching' Correct answer.
  4. A conditional clause, 'if the enemy were approaching'

Explanation

In historical narrative, 'cum' with the imperfect subjunctive commonly marks a temporal clause, often 'when' or 'as'. The subjunctive is standard in this 'cum historicum' construction, but the sense remains temporal unless context or a particle like 'tamen' points to concession.

Question 39Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'imperator veritus est ne milites abirent', what does the 'ne' clause express?

  1. A fear that they might leave: 'he feared that they would leave' Correct answer.
  2. A prohibition: 'he forbade them to leave'
  3. A result that they left: 'so that they left'
  4. A purpose that they should leave: 'so that they would leave'

Explanation

Verbs of fearing take 'ne' plus the subjunctive to express a positive fear, 'that something may happen': 'he feared that the soldiers would leave'. The apparent negative 'ne' does not make the clause negative in English.

Question 40Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'milites, qui fortissime pugnaverant, praemiis donati sunt', what does the relative clause with indicative show?

  1. A purpose: 'who were to fight very bravely'
  2. A factual description of the soldiers: 'who had fought very bravely' Correct answer.
  3. A result: 'so that they fought very bravely'
  4. A condition: 'if they had fought very bravely'

Explanation

A relative clause with the indicative states a fact about the antecedent, here describing the soldiers who had fought bravely. A relative clause with the subjunctive would signal purpose, result, or another dependent idea.

Question 41Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'Caesar pontem faciendum curavit', how should 'faciendum' be translated?

  1. as a gerund expressing purpose: 'for building'
  2. as a present participle meaning 'building'
  3. as a future passive participle meaning 'about to build'
  4. as a gerundive expressing necessity: 'to be built' Correct answer.

Explanation

The gerundive is a passive verbal adjective expressing necessity or obligation: 'pontem faciendum curavit' = 'he saw to it that the bridge was built' (literally 'he took care of the bridge to be built'). Agreement with 'pontem' confirms it is adjectival, not a gerund.

Question 42Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'non dubito quin hostes victuri sint', what does 'quin' introduce?

  1. A conditional clause: 'if the enemy wins'
  2. A purpose clause: 'so that the enemy may win'
  3. A clause of doubt after a negative main verb: 'that the enemy will win' Correct answer.
  4. A result clause: 'so that the enemy won'

Explanation

After expressions of doubt or hindrance in the negative, 'quin' with the subjunctive means 'that' or 'but that': 'I do not doubt that the enemy will win'. The main verb 'non dubito' is negative, which licenses 'quin'.

Question 43Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'imperator milites monuit ut portas custodirent', what is the mood and function of 'custodirent'?

  1. Perfect subjunctive in a result clause
  2. Imperfect subjunctive in an indirect command Correct answer.
  3. Present subjunctive in a purpose clause
  4. Imperfect indicative in a temporal clause

Explanation

After a verb of warning or advising, 'ut' with the subjunctive forms an indirect command. The imperfect subjunctive 'custodirent' follows the past main verb 'monuit' by sequence of tenses.

Question 44Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'haud dubie hostes appropinquabant', how should 'haud dubie' be rendered?

  1. undoubtedly Correct answer.
  2. without hesitation
  3. doubtfully
  4. by no means

Explanation

'Haud dubie' is an adverbial phrase meaning 'undoubtedly, without a doubt', from 'haud' ('not') and 'dubie' ('doubtfully'). It asserts the certainty of the statement that follows.

Question 45Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'oppido capto, milites praedam inter se diviserunt', how is 'inter se' best explained?

  1. A reflexive object meaning 'themselves' as direct object
  2. A prepositional phrase meaning 'between the two of them'
  3. A reciprocal phrase: 'among themselves' Correct answer.
  4. An ablative of means: 'by themselves'

Explanation

'Inter se' with a plural subject expresses reciprocal action, 'among themselves' or 'with one another'. The reflexive 'se' refers back to the soldiers, and 'inter' makes the relationship mutual rather than simply reflexive.

Question 46Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'nemo erat quin hoc videret', how should the sentence be translated?

  1. There was no one who saw this
  2. There was no one who did not see this Correct answer.
  3. No one was there so that he might see this
  4. There was no one unless he saw this

Explanation

'Quin' after a negative expression of existence means 'who...not' or 'but that': 'nemo erat quin videret' = 'there was no one who did not see'. The subjunctive 'videret' is regular in this construction.

Question 47Unseen translation of Latin prose

In the sentence 'His rebus cognitis, Caesar legatos ad hostes misit', how should the ablative absolute 'His rebus cognitis' be translated?

  1. Because he had learned these things
  2. When these things had been learned Correct answer.
  3. These things having learned
  4. With these things about to be learned

Explanation

An ablative absolute consists of a noun and a participle in the ablative case, grammatically independent of the main clause. Here 'cognitis' is a perfect passive participle modifying 'rebus', so the phrase means 'when these things had been learned' or 'after these things were learned'. The subject of the main clause, Caesar, is not the subject of the participle.

Question 48Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'Legati, qui missi erant, tandem redierunt', what does the tense of 'missi erant' indicate?

  1. The sending happened after the return
  2. The sending happened before the return Correct answer.
  3. The sending and the return happened at the same time
  4. The sending was attempted but not completed

Explanation

'Missi erant' is pluperfect passive indicative, formed from the perfect passive participle plus the imperfect of 'esse'. The pluperfect tense expresses an action completed before another past action. Therefore the legates had been sent before they returned.

Question 49Unseen translation of Latin prose

In 'Imperator milites hortatus est ut fortiter pugnarent', what does the subjunctive 'pugnarent' express?

  1. A result clause
  2. A fear clause
  3. A purpose or command after a verb of urging Correct answer.
  4. A concessive clause

Explanation

Verbs of urging, commanding, and persuading are followed by 'ut' plus the subjunctive to express what the subject urges should happen. Here 'hortatus est' means 'urged', and 'ut ... pugnarent' gives the content of the urging: that they fight bravely. The subjunctive is required by the construction.

Question 50Unseen translation of Latin prose

In the sentence 'Cum Caesar in Galliam venisset, Helvetii iam fines suos reliquerant', how should the clause 'Cum Caesar in Galliam venisset' be translated?

  1. When Caesar had come into Gaul Correct answer.
  2. Although Caesar had come into Gaul
  3. While Caesar was coming into Gaul
  4. Since Caesar was coming into Gaul

Explanation

The conjunction 'cum' with a pluperfect subjunctive in a past narrative typically expresses a temporal relationship, often translated as 'when' or 'after'. The pluperfect subjunctive 'venisset' indicates an action completed before the main verb 'reliquerant', so 'when Caesar had come' is accurate. Other translations like 'since' or 'although' would require contextual clues that are absent here.