Bagrut History flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Haskalah

The Jewish Enlightenment movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, which encouraged secular education, Hebrew language revival, and integration into European society, and prompted the emergence of Reform and modern Orthodox Judaism.

First Zionist Congress

The 1897 assembly in Basel convened by Theodor Herzl, which founded the World Zionist Organization and defined Zionism as the effort to secure a publicly recognized Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Der Judenstaat

Herzl's 1896 pamphlet arguing that antisemitism could not be resolved by assimilation and that Jews needed a sovereign state; it became the founding text of political Zionism.

First Aliyah

The wave of Jewish immigration to Ottoman Palestine from 1882 to 1903, mostly from Russia, which established the first new agricultural settlements and revived Hebrew as a spoken language.

Uganda Proposal

A 1903 British offer of territory in East Africa as a Jewish refuge; Herzl considered it, but the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905 rejected it and reaffirmed Palestine as the goal.

Ahad Ha'am

A cultural Zionist thinker who argued that a Jewish spiritual and cultural center in Palestine mattered more than immediate statehood, and who criticized Herzl's purely political approach.

Nuremberg Laws

The 1935 Nazi legislation that stripped German Jews of citizenship, banned marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews, and defined Jewishness by ancestry rather than religion.

Kristallnacht

The state-organized pogrom of 9–10 November 1938, in which Nazi forces and mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish businesses, arrested about 30,000 Jewish men, and signaled escalating persecution.

Wannsee Conference

A January 1942 meeting of Nazi officials that coordinated the 'Final Solution' - the systematic deportation and murder of European Jews - across occupied Europe.

Einsatzgruppen

Mobile Nazi killing units that followed the German army into the Soviet Union and murdered Jews and others in mass shootings, such as at Babyn Yar in 1941.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

The April–May 1943 armed revolt by Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto against deportation to death camps, led by Mordechai Anielewicz; it was crushed but became a symbol of resistance.

Righteous Among the Nations

A title awarded by Yad Vashem to non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust, such as Oskar Schindler and Raoul Wallenberg.

Auschwitz-Birkenau

The largest Nazi complex of camps, combining a labor camp and an extermination camp in occupied Poland, where about one million Jews and many others were murdered.

UN Resolution 181

The November 1947 General Assembly resolution partitioning Mandatory Palestine into Jewish and Arab states with an international zone for Jerusalem; the Jewish leadership accepted it.

Law of Return

The 1950 Israeli law granting every Jew the right to immigrate to Israel and gain citizenship, a central expression of the state's Zionist purpose.

Six-Day War

The June 1967 war in which Israel captured the Sinai, Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights, reshaping the region's borders and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Yom Kippur War

The October 1973 surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on Israel during the Yom Kippur fast, which exposed Israeli intelligence failures and led to the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty.

Camp David Accords

The 1978 agreements brokered by US President Carter between Israel and Egypt, leading to the 1979 peace treaty - the first between Israel and an Arab state.

Reparations Agreement

The 1952 accord between Israel and West Germany under which Germany paid compensation to the Jewish state and to Holocaust survivors, funding immigrant absorption and provoking domestic controversy.

Basic Laws

Israeli legislation intended to serve as chapters of a future constitution, covering the Knesset, the government, human dignity, and, in 2018, Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people.

Industrial Revolution

The transition beginning in 18th-century Britain from agrarian and craft production to factory industry, mechanization, and urban wage labor, which transformed economy and society.

Congress of Vienna

The 1814–1815 meeting of European powers after Napoleon that restored monarchies and a balance of power, and redrew borders to contain France and preserve the old order.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty ending World War I with Germany, imposing territorial losses, military limits, and reparations, and assigning Germany responsibility for the war, which fueled resentment.

Great Depression

The worldwide economic collapse triggered by the 1929 Wall Street Crash, causing mass unemployment and hardship, and helping to bring extremist movements to power in Europe.

Cold War

The post-1945 ideological and strategic rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, expressed through NATO and the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars, and the nuclear arms race until 1991.

Risorgimento

The 19th-century movement for Italian unification, led by figures such as Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini, culminating in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Self-determination

The principle, popularized by Woodrow Wilson in 1918, that peoples sharing a national identity have the right to choose their own sovereign state and government.

Irredentism

A nationalist claim by a state to territory in another country that is inhabited by people it regards as co-nationals, often justified by shared language, ethnicity, or history.

Civic versus ethnic nationalism

Civic nationalism defines the nation by citizenship and shared political values; ethnic nationalism defines it by descent, language, and culture, and tends to exclude outsiders more sharply.

Primary source

Evidence produced during the period under study - a document, letter, photograph, or artifact - which historians analyze for origin, purpose, audience, and reliability.

Corroboration

A historical method of comparing independent sources to test a claim; agreement across sources produced separately strengthens a conclusion, while disagreement requires explaining the difference.

Anachronism

The error of applying present-day concepts, values, or conditions to an earlier period, which distorts historical understanding and is avoided by careful contextualization.