Israel CAA PPL Theory Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Semi-circular rule

Cruising level rule using magnetic track: 000-179 degrees use odd thousands of feet, 180-359 use even thousands. IFR and VFR follow the same levels in most states.

Special VFR

ATC clearance allowing VFR flight in a control zone below VMC minima, remaining clear of cloud and in sight of ground with prescribed ground visibility. It does not change the flight plan rules.

Right-of-way converging aircraft

When two aircraft of the same category converge, the one on the right has right of way. The other must give way and avoid crossing ahead, above or below.

Squawk 7600

Transponder code indicating radio communication failure. It alerts ATC that the aircraft cannot transmit or receive, so separation is provided based on the flight plan.

Detonation

Uncontrolled explosive combustion of the fuel-air charge causing rapid pressure rise and high cylinder temperature. Causes include low octane, high manifold pressure and lean mixture at high power.

Carburettor icing conditions

Most likely with outside air temperature between 0 and +15 degrees Celsius and high humidity. Carb heat should be applied before reducing power, as ice can form at cruise power.

Magneto drop limit

During the run-up check, a drop exceeding 150 RPM on either magneto, or a difference exceeding 50 RPM between magnetos, indicates an ignition fault requiring investigation before flight.

Constant-speed propeller governor

The governor varies blade angle to hold selected RPM. Increased oil pressure drives blades to coarse pitch, reducing RPM; loss of oil pressure drives blades to fine pitch.

Centre of gravity formula

CG equals total moment divided by total mass, where each moment is mass multiplied by its arm from the datum. The result must lie within the certified forward and aft limits.

Density altitude

Pressure altitude corrected for temperature deviation from ISA. It equals pressure altitude plus 120 times the ISA deviation in degrees Celsius, and drives performance calculations.

Load factor in level turn

Load factor equals one divided by the cosine of the bank angle. At 60 degrees bank the load factor is 2, and stall speed increases by the square root of 2.

Flight plan fuel reserves

Trip fuel plus contingency, alternate fuel, final reserve and taxi fuel. Final reserve is typically 30 minutes holding at 1,500 ft for VFR, 45 minutes for IFR commercial.

Time of useful consciousness

The period between loss of oxygen supply and incapacitation. Approximately 3-5 minutes at 25,000 ft, 30-60 seconds at 35,000 ft, and 15-20 seconds at 40,000 ft.

Somatogravic illusion

A false pitch sensation caused by linear acceleration or deceleration. Acceleration during take-off can feel like a nose-up attitude, prompting an incorrect forward push on the controls.

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing lowers carbon dioxide in the blood, causing dizziness, tingling and possible fainting. Treatment is slowing the breathing rate and reassuring the person; oxygen helps distinguish it from hypoxia.

Yerkes-Dodson curve

Performance improves with arousal up to an optimum, then declines. Moderate stress aids attention, while excessive stress narrows attention and degrades decision-making and motor skills.

Altimeter high to low

Flying from high pressure to low pressure without resetting the subscale makes the altimeter over-read, so the aircraft is lower than indicated. The same occurs flying from warm to cold air.

Stable air characteristics

Stratiform cloud, steady precipitation, smooth air and poor visibility near the surface. Subsidence and cooling from below favour stable conditions and persistent haze.

Cold front passage

Rapid passage with cumulonimbus, showers, gusty winds, veering wind and a sharp pressure rise. Visibility improves behind the front but turbulence and icing may be severe.

Clear ice

Ice formed from large supercooled droplets between 0 and -10 degrees Celsius, typically in cumuliform cloud. It spreads and can seriously alter aerofoil shape and increase weight.

Great circle versus rhumb line

A great circle is the shortest path on a sphere; a rhumb line crosses all meridians at a constant angle. Mercator charts show rhumb lines straight and great circles curved.

VOR radial

A magnetic bearing from the VOR station. With the CDI centred and a TO indication, the selected OBS equals the aircraft's magnetic bearing to the station.

ADF relative bearing

The angle measured clockwise from the aircraft's nose to the NDB station. Relative bearing plus magnetic heading equals the magnetic bearing to the station.

ILS glideslope frequency

Glideslope transmissions use 329.15 to 335.0 MHz, paired with the localiser frequency. The standard glideslope angle is 3 degrees, giving about 300 ft per nautical mile.

Engine failure after take-off

Pitch for best glide speed, select a landing site ahead, attempt restart only if altitude allows, transmit MAYDAY, and complete the forced landing checklist. Avoid turning back below 500 ft AGL.

Engine fire in flight

Select fuel off, mixture idle cut-off, master off, discharge extinguisher, then plan a forced landing. Keep the aircraft descending and advise ATC of the emergency.

Wake turbulence avoidance

Fly above the preceding aircraft's flight path, land beyond its touchdown point, and take off before its rotation point. Stay upwind of the vortex generation area.

Stall speed and load factor

Stall speed increases with the square root of the load factor. In a 60 degree bank level turn the load factor is 2, so stall speed rises by about 41 percent.

Induced and parasite drag

Induced drag decreases with speed while parasite drag increases. Total drag is minimum where they are equal, which is the speed for maximum lift-to-drag ratio.

Spin recovery

Reduce power to idle, neutralise ailerons, apply full opposite rudder, then ease the elevator forward to break the stall. Recover from the ensuing dive without exceeding limits.

MAYDAY distress call

Repeated three times, followed by callsign, nature of distress, position, altitude and intention. It signals grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance.

Read-back requirements

Clearances involving runway, hold-short instruction, altitude, heading, SSR code and frequency must be read back exactly. This confirms the pilot has correctly understood the instruction.