Installation, Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance
Inspection, testing, and maintenance
NFPA 72 Chapter 14 separates inspection (visual/functional check), testing (operation under simulated conditions), and maintenance (repair/replacement). Acceptance testing happens before the system is placed in service; periodic ITM continues afterward.
- Initiating devices and notification appliances are generally tested annually, but the Chapter 14 table controls specific frequencies; some components are inspected or tested more often.
- Test smoke detectors with a listed aerosol or manufacturer's method, not by blowing dust or holding a lighter. Heat detectors need a listed heat source.
- Verify alarm at the FACU, notification throughout the protected area, and transmission to the supervising station.
- Batteries, fuses, LEDs, chargers, and annunciators need inspection; load testing confirms capacity.
- Record deficiencies and corrective actions. Do not “pass” a device because the LED blinks.
Worked example
During an annual test, a smoke detector's LED blinks but the FACU shows no alarm. The correct response is to investigate the device, address, and wiring, repair or replace, then retest and document. Cleaning the cover and marking “tested” is wrong because the functional path failed.
Impairments
When a system is out of service, follow the impairment procedure: notify the monitoring company and occupants, implement a fire watch if required, and restore as soon as possible. Document the impairment.
Traps
- Calling a visual inspection a “test.”
- Testing at the panel only and never verifying audibility/visibility in occupied spaces.
- Failing to test duct detectors and waterflow switches.
- Missing records: without documentation, the AHJ treats the work as not performed.