Israel Dayanut Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Kiddushei Kesef

Betrothal effected by giving the woman an object of value (money or equivalent) with two valid witnesses and her consent; it creates a binding marital bond.

Get Lishmah

A bill of divorce written specifically for the couple being divorced; if written without this intent, the get is invalid and the woman remains married.

Ketubah Tosefet

An additional monetary obligation the husband voluntarily adds to the base ketubah sum, creating a lien on his property enforceable upon divorce or his death.

Shomer Chinam

An unpaid guardian of another's property who is liable only for negligence (peshi'ah), not for theft, loss, or unavoidable accident.

Shomer Sakhar

A paid guardian who is liable for negligence, theft, and loss, but not for unavoidable accident (ones) beyond his control.

Geneivat Da'at

Creating a false impression or misleading another person, prohibited even without monetary loss; it is considered a form of theft of the mind.

Heter Iska

A contractual structure that recharacterizes a loan as a business investment, allowing profit-sharing while avoiding the prohibition of ribbit (interest).

Dina de-Malkhuta Dina

The principle that the civil law of the land is binding on Jews in monetary matters, subject to halachic boundaries and qualifications.

Edim Kasherim

Valid witnesses who are adult, mentally competent, not close relatives of the litigants, not wicked, and not personally interested in the case.

Modeh be-Miktzat

A defendant who admits part of a monetary claim and denies the rest is generally required to take an oath (shevuah) regarding the denied portion.

Derara

Strong circumstantial evidence that is generally insufficient to extract money in beit din, though it may create suspicion or justify requiring an oath.

Pesharah

A compromise settlement encouraged before litigation; a beit din may propose it, but it must be accepted by both parties to be binding.

Bitul be-Shishim

Nullification of a forbidden food mixed into permitted food when the forbidden substance is less than one-sixtieth of the mixture, under specific conditions.

Chatichah Ha-Re'uyah

A whole forbidden piece of food that is fit to be served to a guest is not nullified even in a large mixture; it must be removed.

Chadash

New grain from the five species that may not be eaten until the Omer offering is brought; it applies to grain grown before that date.

Shechitah

Kosher slaughter requiring a sharp, smooth knife, a single continuous motion, and cutting the trachea and esophagus; a nicked knife invalidates it.

Muktzeh

Objects set aside from Shabbat use and therefore not movable on Shabbat; categories include kli she-melachto le-issur and muktzeh machmat chisaron kis.

Pikuach Nefesh

Saving a life overrides Shabbat prohibitions; even doubtful danger to life is treated as certain and overrides the prohibitions.

Eruv Chatzerot

A legal device that symbolically combines courtyards and domains, permitting carrying between them on Shabbat when properly constructed.

Tosefet Shabbat

The extension of Shabbat sanctity by beginning Shabbat before sunset and ending it after nightfall, adding time to the holy day.

Kabbalat Ol Mitzvot

A convert's acceptance of the obligation to observe the mitzvot, required for a valid conversion along with circumcision and immersion.

Mamzer

The offspring of a forbidden union punishable by karet (e.g., incest or adultery); a mamzer may marry only another mamzer or a convert.

Agunah

A woman whose husband has disappeared or refuses to give a get; she remains bound and may not remarry until a valid get is delivered.

Heter Me'ah Rabbanim

A ruling by one hundred rabbis permitting a man whose wife is incapacitated or missing to marry another, under specific conditions.

Shivah Neki'im

Seven consecutive clean days after menstruation ends, free of any blood, required before a woman may immerse in a mikveh.

Hefsek Taharah

A cessation check performed before the seven clean days begin, confirming that the bleeding has stopped and the count may start.

Harchakot

Separations observed between husband and wife during niddah, including no physical contact, no shared utensils, and no shared bed.

Chatzitzah

Any intervening substance on the body or hair that prevents full contact with mikveh water, invalidating the immersion.

Shevuat Shav

A vain or false oath invoking God's name without valid purpose; it is a serious transgression and is prohibited.

Hatarat Nedarim

Annulment of vows by a beit din of three, or by a husband's hafarah for his wife's vows, when halachically justified.

Neder Ta'ut

A vow based on a mistaken premise or made in error; it may be void because the vow was not made with full informed intent.

Safek de-Oraita Le-Chumra

A doubt in a Torah-level (de-oraita) matter is resolved stringently, requiring the more stringent ruling until the doubt is resolved.