ADRE Grade 3 key terms

Recent national and international events, government schemes, and appointments that are widely reported in newspapers within roughly the past year. Exams test awareness of these developments rather than deep analysis.

Fixed general knowledge that does not change with time, such as capitals, currencies, national symbols, famous monuments, and basic science facts. It is learned once and revised, unlike fast-changing current events.

Six basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, speech, and life. They can be enforced through courts, and some apply to all persons, not only citizens.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct governments to promote welfare, such as fair wages and education. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governing the country.

Eleven obligations listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, added in 1976, asking citizens to respect the Constitution, protect the environment, and safeguard public property. They are moral duties without direct legal penalty.

26 January, the date in 1950 when the Constitution of India came into force, making India a republic with an elected head of state. It is a national holiday marked by a parade in New Delhi.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in 'she writes' versus 'they write'. Errors often occur with collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, and phrases placed between subject and verb.

Keeping verb tenses logically matched within a sentence or passage, for example not shifting from past to present without reason. Examiners test this through error-spotting and sentence-improvement items.

Voice shows whether the subject performs the action (active: 'The clerk filed the form') or receives it (passive: 'The form was filed by the clerk'). Passive uses a form of 'be' plus the past participle.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words in quotation marks; indirect speech reports them, shifting pronouns, tense, and time words. For example, 'I am late' becomes 'He said that he was late'.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'a piece of cake' meaning something easy. Questions ask you to choose the correct meaning or the right idiom for a context.

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb that creates a new meaning, such as 'give up' meaning to quit. The added particle changes the sense, so the whole phrase must be learned as one unit.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'commence'. Questions test whether you can pick the closest match among similar options.

A word with the opposite meaning to another, such as 'scarce' and 'abundant'. Answer choices often include near-synonyms as traps, so read the question carefully to confirm which direction is asked.

Replacing a descriptive phrase with a single precise word, for example 'a person who speaks many languages' becomes 'polyglot'. This tests vocabulary range and is common in objective English sections.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, so 25% equals 25/100 or 0.25. To find a percentage of a number, convert it to a decimal and multiply, or use the unitary method.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, written as a:b; a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Problems often ask you to divide a total amount in a given ratio.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are, also called the arithmetic mean. If you know the average and the count, you can find the total by multiplying them.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula SI = (P x R x T)/100, where R is the annual rate and T the time in years. It does not compound, unlike compound interest.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows each period. The formula is A = P(1 + R/100)^T, with A the final amount.

The relationship distance = speed x time, used to find any one of the three when the other two are known. Unit conversion between km/h and m/s is often required, using 5/18 as the multiplier.

Problems about how long people or machines take to finish a task together or separately. A worker finishing a job in n days does 1/n of it per day, and rates add when they work together.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, where you must find the next term or the missing one. Rules may involve addition, multiplication, squares, or alternating patterns.

A pair of items linked by a relationship, where you must apply the same relationship to a second pair. For example, 'doctor : hospital' matches 'teacher : school'.

Also called odd-one-out, this task asks you to spot the item that does not share the common property of the rest. The shared property may be a category, a number pattern, or a letter feature.

A puzzle where words or letters are converted into a code by a fixed rule, and you must decode a new word or encode one. Common rules shift letters by a set number of places.

Reasoning questions that describe family links in words or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree with clear gender and generation markers prevents errors.

Problems tracking movement in north, south, east, and west steps to find final position or distance. Sketching each turn on paper, remembering left and right reverse when facing south, makes them reliable.

A ruling dynasty that governed Assam for about six centuries from the 13th century, founded by Sukaphaa. Its rule shaped Assamese administration, land systems, and culture until British annexation in the 19th century.

A 1671 battle on the Brahmaputra near Guwahati in which Ahom forces under Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal army. It is celebrated as a symbol of Assamese resistance and military skill.

A celebrated Ahom general and commander remembered for leading the defence against Mughal forces at Saraighat in 1671. His courage is commemorated by the Lachit Borphukan gold medal at the National Defence Academy.

A 15th and 16th century Assamese saint, scholar, and reformer who founded the Ekasarana tradition of Vaishnavism. He introduced Sattras and Namghars and composed devotional works in Assamese and Brajavali.

A monastic institution of Assam's Vaishnavite tradition that serves as a centre of worship, learning, dance, and music. Sattras, headed by a Satradhikar, preserve Sankardeva's cultural legacy.

Devotional songs composed by Srimanta Sankardeva and Madhavdeva in the Brajavali language, sung in Sattras and Namghars. They are a classical form of Assamese Vaishnavite music with slow, formal melodies.

A set of Assamese festivals marking agricultural seasons, chiefly Bohag Bihu in April celebrating the new year and harvest. Celebrations include Bihu dance, Husori singing, and traditional feasts.

A major transboundary river that enters Assam from Arunachal Pradesh and flows westward before entering Bangladesh. It creates fertile floodplains, supports fisheries, and causes seasonal floods, and Majuli island lies within it.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site in Assam famous for the greater one-horned rhinoceros, along with tigers, elephants, and wild buffalo. It lies on the Brahmaputra floodplain and is a key conservation area.

A large river island in the Brahmaputra in Assam, known as a centre of Vaishnavite Sattra culture and for its mask-making and weaving traditions. It is recognised as one of the world's largest river islands.

Historical chronicles written in Assamese under the Ahom kings, recording royal events, battles, and administration. They are important primary sources for reconstructing Assam's medieval history.