AIIMS B.Sc. Nursing flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals the rate of change of its momentum; for constant mass this is F = ma, with force in newtons when mass is in kg and acceleration in m/s².

Ohm's law

At constant temperature, the current through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, giving V = IR, where R is the resistance in ohms.

Power of a lens

The reciprocal of focal length in metres, P = 1/f, measured in dioptres (D); a converging lens has positive power and a diverging lens has negative power.

Escape velocity

The minimum speed a body needs to leave Earth's gravitational field without further propulsion; it is about 11.2 km/s at the surface and is independent of the body's mass.

Wave equation

For any wave, speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength, v = fλ; when a wave enters a new medium its frequency stays constant while speed and wavelength change.

First law of thermodynamics

Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a thermodynamic process: heat supplied equals the change in internal energy plus the work done by the system, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW.

Dimensions of Planck's constant

Planck's constant h has the dimensional formula [ML²T⁻¹], identical to angular momentum; its value is approximately 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ joule-second.

Avogadro number

One mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 10²³ elementary entities; one mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.7 litres at 273 K and 1 bar pressure.

Definition of pH

pH is the negative base-10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre; at 25 °C a pH of 7 is neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 basic.

sp³ hybridisation

One s and three p orbitals mix to form four equivalent orbitals directed towards the corners of a tetrahedron, with bond angles of about 109.5°, as in methane.

Le Chatelier's principle

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the position of equilibrium shifts in the direction that partially opposes that change.

Tollens' test

Ammoniacal silver nitrate oxidises an aldehyde to a carboxylate ion and deposits metallic silver as a mirror on the tube wall; ketones give no silver mirror.

Standard hydrogen electrode

Hydrogen gas at 1 bar bubbled over platinum in a solution of unit H⁺ activity at 298 K; it is assigned exactly 0.00 V and serves as the reference for electrode potentials.

Function of mitochondria

Double-membraned organelles where the Krebs cycle occurs in the matrix and oxidative phosphorylation on the inner membrane, supplying most of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration.

Universal red cell donor

O negative red cells lack A, B and Rh D antigens, so antibodies in the recipient's plasma do not attack them; this group is used when the recipient's blood group is unknown.

Site of the Calvin cycle

The stroma of the chloroplast, where RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide onto ribulose bisphosphate using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to produce triose phosphate.

Insulin-secreting cells

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose by increasing cellular uptake and glycogen synthesis; alpha cells secrete the antagonist glucagon.

Cause of Down syndrome

An extra copy of chromosome 21, usually from non-disjunction during maternal meiosis, giving 47 chromosomes with characteristic facial features, intellectual disability and congenital heart defects.

Resting membrane potential

The inside of a resting neuron is about 70 millivolts negative relative to the outside, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and a high resting permeability to potassium ions.

Action of ADH

Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, raises water permeability of the collecting duct and distal tubule, concentrating urine and increasing blood volume and pressure.

Enzymes and activation energy

Enzymes accelerate reactions by providing a pathway with lower activation energy; they do not change the overall free-energy change or the equilibrium position of the reaction.

Constitution adoption date

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, the date observed each year as Republic Day.

Article 21A

Inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, this article makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right for all children between six and fourteen years of age.

x% rise then x% fall

A quantity increased by x per cent and then decreased by x per cent ends below its original value by x²/100 per cent; for example, 20% up then 20% down is a 4% net loss.

Average speed over equal distances

When two equal distances are covered at speeds a and b, the average speed for the whole journey is the harmonic mean 2ab/(a+b), not the arithmetic mean (a+b)/2.

National aquatic animal of India

The Ganges river dolphin, Platanista gangetica, declared India's national aquatic animal in 2009; it is a freshwater cetacean found mainly in the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system.

Diagonals of a polygon

A convex polygon with n sides has n(n − 3)/2 diagonals, because each of the n vertices joins n − 3 non-adjacent vertices and every diagonal is counted twice.

Singular indefinite pronouns

Pronouns such as each, either, neither, everyone and nobody are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs and pronouns, as in 'Each of the boys has a book.'

Article before 'hour'

Use 'an' before a vowel sound rather than a vowel letter; 'hour' begins with a silent h and takes 'an', while 'university' begins with the consonant sound /j/ and takes 'a'.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has or have plus the past participle, it links a past action to the present and is used with 'since' for a starting point and 'for' for a duration.

Forming the passive voice

Use the appropriate tense of 'be' plus the past participle, making the object of the active verb the subject; only transitive verbs, which take an object, can be made passive.

Second conditional

Used for unreal or unlikely present situations: 'if' plus the past simple in the condition clause and 'would' plus the base verb in the result, as in 'If I knew, I would tell you.'