AP DSC cheat sheet

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Constituent Assembly formed under Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12-35); Directive Principles Part IV (36-51); Fundamental Duties Part IVA (51A) added by 42nd Amendment, 1976.

Constitutional bodies: Election Commission (Art 324), UPSC/SPSC (315), CAG (148), Finance Commission (280), Attorney General (76).

Andhra Pradesh formation: 1 October 1953 from Madras State (Andhra State); Andhra Pradesh created 1 November 1956 by States Reorganisation Act; bifurcation into AP and Telangana effective 2 June 2014.

National symbols: tiger (national animal), peacock (national bird), lotus (national flower), Ganges dolphin (national aquatic animal), mango (national fruit).

Space and defence landmarks: ISRO Chandrayaan-3 landed near lunar south pole on 23 August 2023; Aditya-L1 launched September 2023 for solar study.

Nobel and global honours: Nobel Prizes announced in October; Indian Nobel laureates include Tagore (Literature 1913), Raman (Physics 1930), Mother Teresa (Peace 1979), Amartya Sen (Economics 1998).

Current-affairs decision rule: for appointments, schemes and indices, verify the year and the issuing body; an answer naming the right scheme with the wrong year is still wrong.

Kothari Commission (1964-66) recommended 10+2+3 structure, common school system, and linked education to national development.

NEP 2020 targets: 100% GER in school education by 2030, 50% GER in higher education by 2035, 5+3+3+4 curricular structure replacing 10+2.

NEP 2020 bodies: NCF (National Curriculum Framework) revised by NCERT; HECI proposed as single higher-education regulator; NTA for common entrance exams.

Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002) made free and compulsory education a fundamental right for ages 6-14; implemented through RTE Act 2009.

RTE Act 2009: no detention or expulsion till completion of elementary education; 25% seats in private unaided schools for disadvantaged groups; no board exam till Class VIII.

Gandhi's Basic Education (Wardha Scheme, 1937): learning through craft and productive work, self-supporting schools, mother tongue as medium.

Tagore's Visva-Bharati (1921): education in natural surroundings, freedom and creativity; contrasted with rigid, examination-driven schooling.

Vygotsky vs Piaget: Vygotsky emphasises social interaction, language and ZPD; Piaget emphasises stage-wise individual construction through assimilation and accommodation.

Critical pedagogy (Freire): education as dialogue against the 'banking model'; curriculum should connect to learners' lived experience and social reality.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, conservation failure), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification), formal operational (11+, abstract, hypothetical).

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, self-interest), conventional (good boy, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Erikson's psychosocial stages: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12), identity vs role confusion (adolescence).

Vygotsky's ZPD = gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer scaffolding; instruction should target the ZPD, not the current level alone.

Krashen's input hypothesis: comprehensible input slightly beyond current level (i+1); affective filter (anxiety, low motivation) reduces acquisition.

Assessment terms: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic; summative is terminal; assessment for learning differs from assessment of learning.

Inclusive education: CWSN (children with special needs) placed in general classrooms with resource support; RPwD Act 2016 lists 21 specified disabilities.

Motivation: intrinsic motivation arises from interest and autonomy; extrinsic from rewards and punishment; overusing extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation.

Learning theories: behaviourism (stimulus-response, reinforcement), cognitivism (information processing, schemas), constructivism (learner builds knowledge), social learning (Bandura, modelling).

Telugu script has 16 achchulu (vowels) and 36 hallulu (consonants) in the conventional enumeration; total 52 letters, with 3 additional vowel signs in some counts.

Telugu vowels: అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అం అః; consonants include క వర్గం to ప వర్గం plus అంతస్థ and ఊష్మ letters.

Sandhi types: సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి (అ/ఆ + అ/ఆ → ఆ), గుణ సంధి (అ + ఇ/ఉ/ఋ → ఏ/ఓ/అర్), యడాగమ సంధి, త్రిక సంధి, ద్విగు సంధి.

Samasa types: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్వంద్వ, ద్విగు, బహువ్రీహి, అవ్యయీభావ - six major classes in Telugu grammar.

Telugu parts of speech: నామవాచకం (noun), సర్వనామం (pronoun), విశేషణం (adjective), క్రియ (verb), అవ్యయం (indeclinable), and their subclasses.

Chandassu (prosody): ఉత్పలమాల, చంపకమాల, మత్తేభం, శార్దూలం, కందం, ఆటవెలది, తేటగీతి, సీసం are standard metres; గురువు (U) and లఘువు (I) determine gana structure.

Alankaras: ఉపమాలంకారం (simile), రూపకం (metaphor), అతిశయోక్తి (hyperbole), శ్లేష (pun), అర్థాంతరన్యాసం (illustration) are commonly tested.

Classical poets: నన్నయ (ఆదికవి, Mahabharata), తిక్కన, ఎర్రన (త్రికవి); శ్రీనాథుడు (కవిసార్వభౌముడు); పోతన (భాగవతం); గురజాడ అప్పారావు wrote 'కన్యాశుల్కం' (drama).

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; a word's class depends on function in the sentence, not spelling alone.

Tense rules: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Voice: active to passive moves object to subject and uses be + past participle; intransitive verbs (sleep, arrive) normally have no passive.

Conditionals: Type 1 (if + present, will + base), Type 2 (if + past, would + base), Type 3 (if + past perfect, would have + participle).

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to speaker's perspective, and adjust time/place words (now → then, today → that day).

Articles: 'a/an' before singular countable nouns first mentioned; 'the' for specific or unique referents; zero article for general plurals and abstract nouns.

Punctuation: semicolon joins related independent clauses; colon introduces a list or explanation; apostrophe marks possession (children's) or contraction (it's = it is).

Comprehension strategy: identify the main idea, then locate explicit evidence for each option; options with absolute words (always, never) are usually wrong.

Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2; sum of squares = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6; sum of cubes = [n(n+1)/2]^2.

Area formulas: triangle = ½ × base × height; trapezium = ½ × (sum of parallel sides) × height; circle = πr²; sector = (θ/360) × πr².

Volume: cylinder = πr²h; cone = ⅓πr²h; sphere = 4/3πr³; hemisphere = 2/3πr³; cube = a³.

Pythagorean triplets: (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (7,24,25), (8,15,17); check with a² + b² = c².

Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)]/2a; discriminant D = b² - 4ac; D > 0 two real roots, D = 0 equal roots, D < 0 no real roots.

Compound interest: A = P(1 + r/100)^n; CI = A - P; simple interest = PRT/100; for 2 years difference between CI and SI = P(r/100)².

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP × 100; discount% is calculated on marked price, not on cost price.

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers; HCF of fractions = HCF of numerators / LCM of denominators.

Probability of an event = favourable outcomes / total outcomes; P(A') = 1 - P(A); for independent events P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B).

Newton's laws: inertia (first), F = ma (second), equal and opposite reaction (third); weight = mg, mass is constant while weight varies with g.

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; resistors in series add, in parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...

Light: convex lens converges, concave diverges; mirror formula 1/f = 1/v + 1/u; lens formula 1/f = 1/v - 1/u; power of lens P = 1/f (in metres).

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in presence of chlorophyll and sunlight; occurs in chloroplasts.

Human systems: heart has four chambers; nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange.

Cell organelles: mitochondria (ATP production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), lysosome (digestion), chloroplast (photosynthesis, plants only).

Acids and bases: pH < 7 acidic, = 7 neutral, > 7 basic; acid + base → salt + water; litmus turns red in acid, blue in base.

Periodic table: groups are vertical columns with similar valence electrons; periods are horizontal rows; atomic number = number of protons.

Ecology: producers → consumers → decomposers; 10% energy transfer between trophic levels; ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs UV radiation.

Indian geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states; Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot; Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges to the north.

Rivers: Godavari is the longest peninsular river (Dakshin Ganga); Krishna and Godavari deltas form the Andhra Pradesh coastal plains; Tungabhadra is a Krishna tributary.

Ancient India: Indus Valley sites (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Dholavira); Mauryan empire under Chandragupta with Kautilya's Arthashastra; Ashoka's edicts use Prakrit and Brahmi.

Medieval India: Delhi Sultanate five dynasties (Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi); Vijayanagara founded 1336, famous for Hampi monuments; Bahmani kingdom in the Deccan.

Freedom movement: INC founded 1885; Partition of Bengal 1905; Jallianwala Bagh 1919; Non-Cooperation 1920; Dandi March 1930; Quit India 1942.

Government: Lok Sabha maximum strength 552; Rajya Sabha 250; President elected by electoral college; money bills originate only in Lok Sabha.

Economy: GDP = C + I + G + (X - M); RBI controls monetary policy; fiscal policy is the government's taxation and spending.

Map skills: latitude lines run east-west and measure north-south position; longitude lines run north-south and determine time zones (15° = 1 hour).

Pedagogical content knowledge (Shulman): the teacher must know both subject matter and how to represent it for learners, including common misconceptions.

Lesson plan components: objectives in behavioural terms, prior knowledge, teaching aids, presentation steps, evaluation, and assignment.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; objectives should span higher-order levels, not only recall.

Method selection rule: use activity or project methods for skills and processes; use lecture with demonstration for new abstract concepts; use discussion for values and opinions.

Microteaching cycle: plan → teach (5-10 min) → feedback → re-plan → re-teach; focuses on one skill such as questioning or reinforcement.

Evaluation tools: achievement test (summative), diagnostic test (identifies learning gaps), rubric (criteria-based scoring), portfolio (continuous evidence of growth).

Teaching aids: concrete objects before pictures, pictures before symbols; ICT aids supplement, not replace, hands-on experience.

Action research: teacher identifies a classroom problem, plans intervention, implements, observes, reflects, and revises - cyclic and local, not generalisable research.

Optional-subject content questions usually test the subject's core concepts and their classroom applications; verify the syllabus of the chosen optional subject before preparing.

AP DSC (District Selection Committee) teacher recruitment is conducted by the Andhra Pradesh Department of School Education for posts such as SGT, SA, LP, PET and TGT.

Selection normally involves a written examination (objective, multiple choice) followed by certificate verification; there is no interview for most posts.

Written paper typically has two parts: Part I on general knowledge, current affairs, perspectives in education, child development and pedagogy, and language; Part II on the optional subject's content and methodology.

Language paper: candidates choose Telugu or Urdu as first language and English as second language in the standard pattern; confirm the current notification.

Qualifying rules: candidates must secure the minimum marks in each part as specified in the notification, not merely an aggregate.

Weightage: the written examination carries the full merit score in most notifications; verify whether any weightage for prior teaching experience applies in the current cycle.

Negative marking: check the notification; AP DSC has generally not applied negative marking, but the rule can change between notifications.

Preparation rule: practise timed full-length papers, because the paper is speed-heavy with roughly one minute or less per question.

Verification rule: keep original certificates (DEd/BEd, TET paper, degree, community, local status) ready; discrepancies cause disqualification even after qualifying.

UNCRC (1989) four guiding principles: non-discrimination, best interests of the child, right to life and development, respect for the child's views.

RTE Act 2009 mandates: pupil-teacher ratio norms, no physical punishment or mental harassment, School Management Committee in every school, prohibition of screening tests.

Inclusive classroom adaptations: seating near the teacher for low vision, extra time for slow writers, peer tutoring, and modified worksheets for CWSN.

Learning disability indicators: dyslexia (reading), dysgraphia (writing), dyscalculia (mathematics), dyspraxia (motor coordination); these are not intellectual disability.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): assesses scholastic and co-scholastic areas continuously using multiple tools, not only term-end tests.

Classroom management rule: preventive strategies (clear routines, engaging tasks) reduce misbehaviour more than punitive responses.

Questioning technique: wait time of 3-5 seconds after asking improves response quality; distribute questions across the class rather than to volunteers.

Percentage change: successive changes of a% and b% give net change = a + b + ab/100; a 20% rise then 20% fall gives a 4% net fall.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a quantity Q in ratio a:b as Qa/(a+b) and Qb/(a+b).

Time, speed, distance: distance = speed × time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x+y), not the arithmetic mean.

Time and work: if A does work in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x+y) days; work rate is additive.

Average: average = sum/count; if every value is increased by k, the average increases by k; if multiplied by k, the average multiplies by k.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then alternating patterns; squares and cubes frequently appear in series questions.

Coding-decoding: write the alphabet with positions 1-26 and test the shift rule (e.g., +1, -2) before assuming a complex cipher.

Blood relations and direction sense: draw a diagram for every question; avoid solving these mentally, since direction reversals cause most errors.

Food chains and webs: energy flows from producers to consumers; removing one link affects the whole web, and decomposers recycle nutrients.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; groundwater recharge depends on infiltration.

Pollution types: air (particulate matter, SO₂, NOₓ), water (industrial effluents, sewage), soil (plastic, pesticides), noise (measured in decibels).

Health basics: balanced diet needs carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water; deficiency diseases include scurvy (vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), anaemia (iron).

Communicable diseases spread by air (TB, influenza), water (cholera, typhoid), vectors (malaria by Anopheles, dengue by Aedes), and contact.

First aid: for burns, cool with running water, do not apply oil; for snake bite, immobilise the limb and rush to hospital; for fractures, immobilise before transport.

Conservation: national parks and sanctuaries protect habitats; Project Tiger (1973) and Project Elephant are flagship conservation programmes in India.

Intelligence theories: Spearman (g factor), Thurstone (primary mental abilities), Gardner (multiple intelligences), Sternberg (triarchic), Guilford (SOI model).

IQ = (mental age / chronological age) × 100; average IQ is 100, with standard deviation of 15 on the Wechsler scales.

Reliability means consistency of scores across occasions; validity means the test measures what it claims; a test can be reliable but not valid.

Test statistics: mean, median, mode for central tendency; range, variance, standard deviation for dispersion; normal distribution has mean = median = mode.

Item analysis: difficulty index = proportion answering correctly; discrimination index compares high and low scorers on the item.

Memory: sensory register → short-term memory (about 7±2 items) → long-term memory; rehearsal and chunking aid retention.

Transfer of learning: positive transfer helps a new task; negative transfer interferes; near transfer is within similar contexts, far transfer across domains.

Attribution theory (Weiner): success attributed to effort supports persistence; attributing failure to fixed ability reduces effort.

విభక్తులు (cases): ప్రథమా, ద్వితీయా, తృతీయా, చతుర్థీ, పంచమీ, షష్ఠీ, సప్తమీ, సంబోధన - eight cases with distinct pratyaya suffixes.

క్రియలు: సమాపక క్రియ (finite verb) and అసమాపక క్రియ (non-finite: క్త్వార్థకం, శత్రర్థకం, ల్యబంతం, తుమర్థకం).

వాక్య భేదాలు: సామాన్య వాక్యం, సంక్లిష్ట వాక్యం, సంయుక్త వాక్యం - simple, complex and compound sentences.

ప్రత్యక్ష కథనం (direct speech) uses quotation marks and first-person reporting; పరోక్ష కథనం (indirect) shifts pronouns and tense.

ప్రాచీన కవులు: నన్నయ, తిక్కన, ఎర్రన (త్రికవులు); పెద్దన (మనుచరిత్ర), మొల్ల (రామాయణం), ధూర్జటి (శ్రీకాళహస్తీశ్వర శతకం).

ఆధునిక సాహిత్యం: గురజాడ అప్పారావు (కన్యాశుల్కం, ముత్యాల సరాలు), గిడుగు రామమూర్తి (వ్యవహారిక భాషోద్యమం), శ్రీశ్రీ (మహాప్రస్థానం).

శతక లక్షణాలు: మకుటం, నియమిత పద్య సంఖ్య (సాధారణంగా 100+), భక్తి లేదా నీతి ప్రధాన భావం.

ఛందస్సు గణాలు: ఇంద్రగణం, సూర్యగణం, చంద్రగణం, యమగణం, విష్ణుగణం, బ్రహ్మగణం, రుద్రగణం, సముద్రగణం - eight ganas of three syllables each.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; with 'either...or', the verb agrees with the nearer subject; collective nouns take singular verbs when acting as a unit.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months and years, 'on' for days and dates, 'at' for exact times; 'since' with a point in time, 'for' with a duration.

Modals: 'can' (ability), 'may' (permission/possibility), 'must' (obligation/certainty), 'should' (advice), 'could' (past ability or polite request).

Common error types: double negatives, misplaced modifiers, subject-pronoun disagreement, and confusion of 'its/it's', 'their/there', 'affect/effect'.

Vocabulary: synonym = same meaning; antonym = opposite; homophone = same sound different spelling (pair/pear); homonym = same word, multiple meanings.

Idioms: 'a piece of cake' (very easy), 'once in a blue moon' (rarely), 'to let the cat out of the bag' (reveal a secret).

Figures of speech: simile (like/as), metaphor (direct comparison), personification (human traits to objects), alliteration (repeated initial consonants).

Paragraph writing: topic sentence, supporting sentences with examples, and a concluding sentence; coherence depends on linkers such as however, therefore, moreover.

Concrete → pictorial → abstract sequence is the standard progression for introducing a new mathematical concept.

Van Hiele levels of geometry: visualisation, analysis, informal deduction, formal deduction, rigour; instruction must match the learner's level.

Error analysis: persistent errors such as 'larger denominator means larger fraction' indicate a misconception, not carelessness; address the concept directly.

Manipulatives: base-ten blocks for place value, fraction strips for equivalence, geoboards for area, and number lines for operations on integers.

Problem-solving steps (Polya): understand the problem, devise a plan, carry out the plan, look back and verify.

Assessment in mathematics should include process (method, reasoning) and not only the final answer; award method marks explicitly.

Mathematical language: teach the difference between 'sum' and 'product', and between 'increased by' and 'increased to', since these decide the operation.

Inquiry approach: question → hypothesis → experiment → observation → conclusion; the teacher facilitates rather than states the result first.

Laboratory safety: know the location of the first-aid box and fire extinguisher; never taste chemicals; dilute acid by adding acid to water, not water to acid.

Demonstration vs experiment: a demonstration is teacher-performed to show a principle; an experiment is learner-performed to test a hypothesis.

Misconception handling: elicit the learner's existing idea, present conflicting evidence, then guide restructuring; telling the correct answer alone rarely changes a misconception.

Science process skills: observing, classifying, measuring, inferring, predicting, communicating, and controlling variables.

Improvised apparatus: use locally available materials (bottles, straws, mirrors) to teach concepts when laboratory equipment is unavailable.

Assessment: include diagram labelling, observation records, and experimental design questions in addition to factual recall.

Map skills sequence: symbols and keys first, then scale and direction, then latitude/longitude and time-zone calculations.

Timeline technique: arrange events chronologically to build cause-and-effect understanding; dates alone are not the objective.

Source-based teaching: distinguish primary sources (inscriptions, coins, contemporary accounts) from secondary sources (textbooks, later histories).

Field visit and local history: connect the syllabus to local monuments, panchayat functioning, and local markets for concrete understanding.

Role play and simulation: use for constitutional bodies, parliament procedure, and disaster response to make abstract institutions concrete.

Current affairs integration: link textbook topics to recent events (elections, budgets, census) so that civics and economics stay current.

Assessment: include map marking, source interpretation, and structured argument questions, not only factual recall of dates and names.

Optional subjects in AP DSC include Mathematics, Physical Science, Biological Science, Social Studies, English, Telugu, Hindi, Urdu, and Physical Education, depending on the post.

SGT (Secondary Grade Teacher) candidates write a general paper with content across subjects; SA and TGT candidates write a subject-specific paper.

The methodology component typically carries a fixed weight within the subject paper; confirm the split in the current notification.

Syllabus scope follows the school curriculum up to the level of the post; for SA posts, the subject content is generally up to Class X standard.

TET qualification is a prerequisite for most teacher posts; the TET paper (I or II) must match the post applied for.

Subject-specific scoring rule: secure the methodology section first, because it is small, predictable, and fully syllabus-bound.

Samagra Shiksha (2018) merged Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, and Teacher Education into one integrated scheme for school education.

Mid-Day Meal scheme was renamed PM POSHAN in 2021; it covers Classes I-VIII and now includes pre-primary children in some states.

NEP 2020 language policy: mother tongue or home language as medium of instruction at least until Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8.

Digital initiatives: DIKSHA (teacher platform), SWAYAM (online courses), PM eVIDYA, and NISHTHA (teacher training) are commonly asked.

Andhra Pradesh schemes: Nadu-Nedu for school infrastructure, Amma Vodi for mothers' educational support, and Jagananna Vidya Kanuka for student kits.

RTE entitlements include free textbooks, uniforms, and mid-day meals; denial of these is a violation of the Act.

Norm-referenced tests compare a student to peers; criterion-referenced tests compare performance to fixed learning criteria.

Grade vs mark: grades are broad bands; marks are finer scores; CCE typically reports both scholastic grades and descriptive indicators.

Achievement test construction: blueprint table maps objectives against content; weightage should follow teaching time and importance.

Reliability estimation: test-retest, split-half, and parallel forms; the split-half method uses the Spearman-Brown correction.

Standard deviation: square root of the mean of squared deviations from the mean; a small SD indicates homogeneous scores.

Percentile rank shows the percentage of scores below a given score; it is not the same as percentage of marks.

Diagnostic testing identifies specific error patterns; remedial teaching follows diagnosis and targets the identified gaps.

Guidance is broader and preventive (educational, vocational, personal); counselling is a deeper, therapeutic, one-to-one process.

Adolescent characteristics: rapid physical growth, identity exploration, peer influence, and increased risk-taking; guidance should be non-judgmental.

Career guidance stages: self-awareness, information about options, decision-making, and planning; it should not be a single one-off session.

Learning disability identification: significant discrepancy between ability and achievement in a specific area, not explained by sensory or intellectual deficits.

Gifted learners: need enrichment and acceleration, not merely extra worksheets; under-challenge leads to boredom and misbehaviour.

Referral rule: a teacher refers a child for specialist assessment when classroom adaptations have been tried and progress remains inadequate.

Components of physical fitness: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Warm-up prepares the body (raises heart rate, increases blood flow); cool-down reduces heart rate and prevents stiffness.

First aid for sprains uses RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation; avoid heat and massage in the first 48 hours.

Common deficiency diseases: kwashiorkor (protein deficiency), marasmus (protein-energy deficiency), beriberi (vitamin B1), pellagra (niacin).

Sports rules: cricket has 11 players per side; football 11; kabaddi 7; kho-kho 9; volleyball 6 on court.

Yoga benefits: improves flexibility, balance, and stress regulation; asanas should be practised on an empty stomach and without strain.

పదాలు: తత్సమం (Sanskrit-derived), తద్భవం (modified), దేశ్యం (native Telugu), గ్రామ్యం (dialectal) - four classes of vocabulary.

వ్యుత్పత్తి: base word plus suffix; ఉదా. 'రాముడు' = రామ + డు; the suffix marks gender and number.

సమాసాలు: 'రాజుగారి ఇల్లు' is షష్ఠీ తత్పురుష; 'నల్లకోటు' is విశేషణ పూర్వపద కర్మధారయ.

అలంకారాలు: ఉపమ, రూపక, శ్లేష, అతిశయోక్తి, స్వభావోక్తి, ఉత్ప్రేక్ష - identify by the relation between the compared objects.

ప్రక్రియలు: కథ, కవిత, నాటకం, వ్యాసం, జీవిత చరిత్ర, యాత్రా చరిత్ర - major literary genres in Telugu.

పత్రికా భాష: వార్తా నివేదికలో ముఖ్యాంశం మొదట, వివరాలు తర్వాత; సంక్షిప్తత మరియు స్పష్టత ప్రధాన లక్షణాలు.

Skimming gives the gist quickly; scanning locates specific details; intensive reading is for close analysis of a short passage.

Inference questions require a conclusion supported by the text, not personal opinion; the answer must be defensible from the passage.

Letter writing: formal letters use 'Dear Sir/Madam' and 'Yours faithfully'; informal letters use 'Dear [name]' and 'Yours lovingly'.

Essay structure: introduction with a thesis, body paragraphs each with one main point, and a conclusion that restates without new arguments.

Note-making: use headings, sub-headings, and abbreviations; keep the meaning intact and avoid full sentences.

Vocabulary in context: determine meaning from surrounding words and sentence logic, not from a memorised list.

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum divisible by 3; by 4 if last two digits divisible by 4; by 9 if digit sum divisible by 9; by 11 if alternating digit sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

Simple interest = PRT/100; if a sum doubles in T years at simple interest, the rate is 100/T percent per annum.

Percentage to fraction: 12.5% = 1/8, 16⅔% = 1/6, 20% = 1/5, 25% = 1/4, 33⅓% = 1/3.

Surface area: cube = 6a²; cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl); cylinder curved = 2πrh, total = 2πr(r + h); sphere = 4πr².

Diagonal of a cuboid = √(l² + b² + h²); diagonal of a square = a√2.

Average of first n natural numbers = (n+1)/2; average of consecutive numbers = (first + last)/2.

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream; upstream speed = boat - stream; boat speed = (down + up)/2.

Motion: v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; v² = u² + 2as; these apply only for uniform acceleration.

Work and energy: work = force × displacement in the direction of force; kinetic energy = ½mv²; potential energy = mgh.

Heat: specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/g°C (4.2 J/g°C); latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g.

Sound: speed is highest in solids, lowest in gases; audible range for humans is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; ultrasound is above 20 kHz.

Chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox; balancing conserves atoms on both sides.

Metals and non-metals: metals are malleable, ductile, and conduct; non-metals are generally brittle and poor conductors (graphite is an exception).

Carbon compounds: alkanes (single bonds, CₙH₂ₙ₊₂), alkenes (double, CₙH₂ₙ), alkynes (triple, CₙH₂ₙ₋₂).

Preamble keywords: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic; added 'socialist' and 'secular' by the 42nd Amendment, 1976.

Amendments: Article 368 provides the procedure; basic structure doctrine from Kesavananda Bharati (1973) limits amendment power.

Parliament: Lok Sabha term 5 years; Rajya Sabha is permanent with one-third retiring every 2 years; joint sitting is presided over by the Speaker.

Judiciary: Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory (Article 143) jurisdiction; writs under Article 32 (SC) and 226 (HC).

Panchayati Raj: 73rd Amendment (1992) gave constitutional status; three tiers - gram panchayat, mandal/block, zilla parishad.

Economy: RBI was nationalised in 1949; repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to banks; inflation reduces purchasing power.

Budget and taxation: direct taxes (income, corporate) are paid directly; indirect taxes (GST) are levied on goods and services.

Subject objectives should be written in behavioural terms (identify, explain, apply, construct) so that they can be assessed.

Unit plan sequences content into lessons with allocated periods; the annual plan distributes the syllabus across the academic year.

Teaching aids for the optional subject should be chosen for conceptual clarity, not decoration; a working model beats a chart for processes.

Evaluation should match the objective level: recall questions for knowledge, application problems for understanding, and projects for skills.

Remedial teaching follows diagnostic assessment; it targets specific errors and is not a repetition of the whole lesson.

Co-curricular activities (quiz, exhibition, field visit) support the optional subject and should be linked to syllabus outcomes.

Union Budget is presented on 1 February; the Economic Survey precedes it; the financial year runs April to March.

Key indices: Human Development Index (UNDP), Global Hunger Index (Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe), Ease of Doing Business (discontinued; replaced by B-READY).

Census of India is conducted every 10 years; the 2011 Census was the 15th; the next census was postponed beyond 2021.

RBI monetary policy committee has six members and announces the repo rate in bi-monthly reviews.

Constitutional appointments: Chief Election Commissioner, CAG, and UPSC chairman are appointed by the President; judges of the Supreme Court by the President under the collegium system.

Verification rule for current affairs: confirm the exact year, the issuing organisation, and India's rank before choosing an option.

Herbartian steps: preparation, presentation, comparison, generalisation, application, and recapitulation.

Behavioural objectives use observable verbs (list, define, compute) rather than mental-state verbs (know, understand, appreciate).

Questioning types: closed questions check recall; open questions promote reasoning; probing questions extend an incomplete answer.

Group work rule: assign roles, keep groups small (4-5), and give a clear product and time limit; otherwise group work becomes off-task talk.

Feedback should be specific and task-focused ('your diagram labels the parts correctly') rather than personal praise alone.

Blackboard use: write key terms and structure, not full sentences; keep the board clean and legible from the back of the room.

Closure: summarise the main points, link to the next lesson, and assign work that consolidates the objective.