AP ICET flashcards
AP ICET · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Syllogism validity test
- A conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises. A single counter-arrangement makes it invalid, even if it seems plausible.
- Letter position coding
- Assign A=1 through Z=26. For shift ciphers, subtract the two known letter values to find the constant offset, then apply that offset to the target word.
- Average speed formula
- Average speed equals total distance divided by total time. It is never the arithmetic mean of the individual speeds unless the times spent at each speed are equal.
- Circular arrangement count
- The number of distinct ways to seat n people around a circle is (n-1) factorial, because rotations of the same order are treated as identical.
- Blood relation notation
- Draw generations as vertical levels and siblings or spouses as horizontal links. Then trace the requested path step by step instead of guessing from the sentence.
- Direction sense displacement
- Take north as positive y and east as positive x. Net displacement magnitude is the square root of the sum of squared x and y components.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T, so compound interest is A minus P. For two years, CI exceeds SI by P(R/100)^2.
- Successive discount equivalent
- Two successive discounts of a% and b% give a single equivalent discount of a + b - ab/100 percent, not simply a plus b.
- Work rate addition
- Rates of work add. If A finishes in a days and B in b days, working together they finish in ab/(a+b) days.
- Speed unit conversion
- To convert kilometres per hour to metres per second, multiply by 5/18. To go the other way, multiply by 18/5.
- Divisibility by 8 and 9
- A number is divisible by 8 if its last three digits form a multiple of 8. It is divisible by 9 if its digit sum is a multiple of 9.
- LCM HCF product rule
- For any two positive integers, LCM multiplied by HCF equals the product of the two numbers. This lets you find one from the other.
- Mixture replacement formula
- If x litres are removed from Q litres and replaced by water, n times, the pure liquid remaining is Q(1 - x/Q)^n litres.
- Cone and sphere volumes
- Cone volume is one third of pi r squared h. Sphere volume is four thirds of pi r cubed. Cylinder volume is pi r squared h.
- Profit percentage base
- Profit percent is calculated on cost price unless the question says otherwise. Selling price equals cost price times one plus profit percent over 100.
- Subject-verb agreement traps
- Words like each, every, either, neither and everyone take singular verbs. News and mathematics are singular despite ending in s.
- Article choice rule
- Use 'a' before consonant sounds and 'an' before vowel sounds, judged by sound not spelling: an hour, a university, an MBA.
- Present perfect use
- Has or have plus past participle expresses a past action with present relevance or unfinished time. Past perfect marks the earlier of two past events.
- Fixed preposition pairs
- Learn verb and adjective collocations: composed of, consist of, capable of, good at, married to, different from, afraid of, depend on.
- Idiom: blessing in disguise
- An apparent misfortune that eventually produces a good outcome. It is not a literal blessing and not a hidden threat.
- One-word: ubiquitous
- Ubiquitous means present everywhere at the same time. Compare ephemeral, meaning short-lived, and philanthropy, meaning love of mankind.
- Passive voice conversion
- The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of be plus past participle, and the original subject follows 'by'. The original tense is kept.
- Reading comprehension distractors
- Options that are true but too narrow, or extreme words like always and never, are usually wrong. The correct answer covers the whole passage.
- Computer generations
- First generation used vacuum tubes, second transistors, third integrated circuits, fourth microprocessors, and fifth artificial intelligence and ULSI.
- TCP versus UDP
- TCP is connection-oriented with acknowledgements and retransmission, used for web and email. UDP is connectionless, faster, and used for streaming and DNS.
- OSI layer count
- The OSI model has seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application, from bottom to top.
- Accounting equation
- Assets equal liabilities plus capital. Every transaction affects at least two accounts, so the equation stays balanced under double entry.
- Span of control
- The number of subordinates directly reporting to one manager. A narrow span gives a tall hierarchy; a wide span gives a flat one.
- Price elasticity of demand
- Elasticity equals percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price. Demand is elastic when the value exceeds one.
- Balance sheet versus P&L
- The balance sheet shows assets, liabilities and capital at a single date. The profit and loss account shows revenues and expenses over a period.
- Sole proprietorship liability
- A one-owner business with no separate legal identity. The owner has unlimited liability, so personal assets can be used to pay business debts.
- Memory size units
- One kilobyte is 1024 bytes and one megabyte is 1024 kilobytes. Registers are fastest, then cache, then RAM, then secondary storage.