AP SET flashcards
AP SET · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Reflective level of teaching
- The highest teaching level, in which learners identify problems, test hypotheses and evaluate evidence critically; it depends on prior memory and understanding level competence.
- Formative assessment
- Assessment conducted during instruction to diagnose gaps and adjust teaching, typically low-stakes and feedback-oriented, as opposed to summative assessment at the end of a unit.
- Summative assessment
- Assessment administered at the end of a course or unit to certify achievement or assign grades; it judges outcomes rather than guiding ongoing instruction.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary structured support given by a teacher or peer that is progressively withdrawn as the learner gains competence on the same task.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy
- A six-level classification of cognitive objectives ordered Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; used to write and classify learning objectives and questions.
- Concrete operational stage
- Piaget's stage from roughly seven to eleven years, marked by conservation, classification and reversibility of thought, but still tied to concrete rather than abstract situations.
- Test validity
- The degree to which a test measures the construct it claims to measure; a valid test must also be reliable, but reliability alone does not guarantee validity.
- Test reliability
- The consistency or stability of test scores across repeated administrations, parallel forms or items; it is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity.
- Intrinsic motivation
- Drive to engage in an activity for its inherent satisfaction or interest rather than for external reward or punishment.
- Extrinsic motivation
- Drive to engage in an activity to obtain an external outcome such as reward, grade, praise or avoidance of punishment.
- Inclusive education
- An approach in which learners with diverse needs and disabilities are taught within mainstream settings with appropriate adaptations, rather than segregated into separate schools.
- Continuous and comprehensive evaluation
- An assessment model spreading evaluation across the term and covering scholastic plus co-scholastic areas, reducing dependence on a single terminal examination.
- Action research
- Systematic inquiry by a practitioner into their own practice, cycling through planning, acting, observing and reflecting to solve a local classroom problem.
- Hypothesis in research
- A testable, falsifiable statement predicting a relationship between variables; it is stated before data collection and either supported or rejected by evidence.
- Independent variable
- The variable manipulated or selected by the researcher to observe its effect on another variable; it is the presumed cause in an experiment.
- Dependent variable
- The variable measured as the outcome of changes in the independent variable; it is the presumed effect in an experiment.
- Null hypothesis
- A statement that no relationship or difference exists between variables; statistical tests assess whether data justify rejecting it.
- Probability sampling
- Any sampling method in which every unit of the population has a known, non-zero chance of selection, permitting generalisation and estimation of sampling error.
- Likert scale
- A summative rating scale presenting statements with ordered response options such as strongly agree to strongly disagree, scored to yield an attitude score.
- Standard deviation
- A measure of dispersion equal to the square root of the variance; it expresses average spread of scores around the mean in original units.
- Median
- The middle value of an ordered data set; it equals the 50th percentile and is less affected by extreme scores than the mean.
- Normal distribution properties
- A symmetric bell-shaped distribution in which mean, median and mode coincide; about 68 percent of values lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
- Correlation coefficient range
- A value from minus one to plus one describing strength and direction of linear association; zero indicates no linear relationship, not necessarily independence.
- Research ethics: informed consent
- Participants must receive full information about purpose, procedures and risks and agree voluntarily before data collection, with the right to withdraw at any time.
- Assertion–reason item
- A two-statement question type where the assertion must be judged true or false, then the reason, then whether the reason explains the assertion.
- Negative marking
- A scoring rule deducting marks for incorrect answers; it changes expected value so blind guessing may reduce total score, as specified in the exam bulletin.
- Elimination strategy
- Narrowing options by discarding clearly wrong choices using unit checks, magnitude checks, absolutes and definitional mismatches before selecting among survivors.
- Speed versus velocity
- Speed is a scalar giving distance per unit time; velocity is a vector giving displacement per unit time, so it carries direction and can be zero while speed is not.
- Mass versus weight
- Mass is the quantity of matter, measured in kilograms, and is invariant; weight is the gravitational force on that mass, measured in newtons, and varies with local gravity.
- Subject Paper syllabus scope
- The official topic list for the candidate's chosen subject, which defines examinable content; topics outside it are not tested regardless of general subject knowledge.
- Error-rate weighted revision
- A prioritisation rule ranking topics by syllabus emphasis multiplied by the candidate's observed error rate, so weak high-weight topics are revised first.