APTET Paper 1 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage

Birth to about 2 years; infants learn through senses and actions, develop object permanence, and move from reflexive to intentional schemes; symbolic thought begins near the end.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult; scaffolding supports this.

Conservation

Piagetian understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance; typically achieved in the concrete operational stage around 7–11 years.

Kohlberg pre-conventional level

Moral reasoning based on punishment avoidance and self-interest; stage 1 is obedience and punishment, stage 2 is instrumental exchange; common in young children.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during teaching used to adjust instruction and provide feedback; includes observations, quizzes and portfolios; it is assessment for learning.

Multiple intelligences

Gardner's theory proposing eight relatively independent intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic.

Dyslexia

A specific learning disability affecting accurate and fluent word reading, decoding and spelling, despite adequate intelligence and instruction; it is not a vision problem.

Agglutinative language

A language such as Telugu that builds words by adding suffixes to roots, each suffix carrying grammatical meaning; word order is typically subject-object-verb.

Sandhi

In Telugu and Sanskrit grammar, the morphophonemic change that occurs when two sounds or words join; types include akara, ikara, ukara and yadagama sandhi.

Skimming

A fast reading strategy to get the general idea or gist of a text without reading every word; contrasted with scanning, which locates specific details.

Cloze test

A language assessment in which words are deleted from a text at regular intervals and learners supply them using context; it measures comprehension and vocabulary.

Bilingual method

Teaching a second language by using the learner's first language for explanation while providing ample practice in the target language; it saves time and clarifies meaning.

Alankara

In Telugu poetics, a figure of speech or literary ornament; upama is simile, rupaka is metaphor, atishayokti is hyperbole and arthantaranyasa is implied analogy.

Phoneme

The smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language; English has about 44 phonemes in Received Pronunciation, including vowels and consonants.

Communicative language teaching

An approach emphasising real communication, meaningful tasks, fluency and interaction rather than isolated grammar drills; errors are seen as part of learning.

Active to passive

Transformation where the object becomes subject, the verb becomes be + past participle, and the original subject becomes an optional by-phrase.

Direct to indirect speech

Reported speech conversion involving backshift of tense, change of pronouns and time or place words, and removal of quotation marks.

Alliteration

Repetition of the same initial consonant sound in nearby words, as in 'silly snakes slither'; a figure of speech used for rhythm and emphasis.

Skimming vs scanning

Skimming gives the gist quickly; scanning locates specific information such as dates or names. Both are sub-skills of reading.

Place value

The value of a digit determined by its position; in the Indian system places are ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, lakhs, ten lakhs and crores.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers a and b, HCF(a,b) × LCM(a,b) = a × b; useful for finding one when the other is known.

Divisibility by 3

A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3; for divisibility by 9 the same rule applies with 9.

Area of a rectangle

Length × breadth; perimeter is 2(length + breadth); square area is side² and perimeter is 4 × side.

Unitary method

Solving problems by first finding the value of one unit and then multiplying to find the required value; used in proportion and rate problems.

Van Hiele levels

A progression in geometry learning: visualization, analysis, informal deduction, formal deduction and rigor; instruction should match the learner's level.

Concrete to abstract

Mathematics teaching sequence using physical objects (concrete), then pictures or diagrams (pictorial), then symbols (abstract); supports conceptual understanding.

Balanced diet

Food containing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water in correct proportions; supports growth, energy and immunity.

Water cycle

Continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection; driven by solar energy and gravity.

Biodegradable waste

Waste that decomposes naturally by microorganisms, such as vegetable peels and paper; non-biodegradable waste such as plastic persists for years.

Solar system

The Sun and eight planets, with moons, asteroids and comets; planets revolve around the Sun and rotate on their axes, causing years and days.

Deficiency diseases

Illnesses caused by lack of nutrients: scurvy from vitamin C lack, rickets from vitamin D, anaemia from iron deficiency, night blindness from vitamin A.

EVS pedagogy

Environmental studies integrates science and social science around the child's immediate environment; uses observation, exploration, projects and field visits.