ASSEB HSLC Elective Santhali flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (main idea)

The single point an unseen Santhali passage is built around. It is usually stated in the first or last sentence of a paragraph and is broader than any single supporting detail.

ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ

True and false. A statement counts as true only if the passage states it explicitly; a reasonable inference that the passage never asserts is marked false in comprehension items.

ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱷᱤ (sandhi)

The sound change that occurs where two words or morphemes join. To answer a sandhi item, split the given form into its two source words and then name the change.

ᱛᱚᱛᱯᱩᱨᱩᱥ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱥ

A compound in which the second member is the head and the first modifies it. The compound denotes the same entity as its final member, not a separate third thing.

ᱵᱚᱦᱩᱵᱽᱨᱤᱦᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱥ

A compound where neither member is the thing denoted; the whole word points to something else characterised by the compound, as in a bahuvrihi describing a person by a feature.

ᱫᱣᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱥ

A compound joining two members of equal status that could be linked by 'and'. Neither member governs the other, and the compound refers to both together.

ᱠᱚᱨᱛᱟ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ

The nominative case: the grammatical doer of the verb. In Santhali the doer is identified by its relation to the verb, not by a fixed position in the sentence.

ᱠᱚᱨᱢᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ

The accusative case: the entity directly affected by the verb's action. In passive transformation this entity moves to subject position and the verb changes form.

ᱠᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ

The instrumental case: the means, tool, or instrument by which an action is carried out. It answers 'with what' rather than 'who' or 'where'.

ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱠ

The locative case: the place, time, or ground in which the action occurs. It answers 'where' or 'when' and is marked by a locational postposition in Santhali.

ᱩᱯᱢᱟ (simile)

A figure of speech comparing two things explicitly, using a comparison word such as 'like' or 'as'. Both the compared items remain distinct in the statement.

ᱨᱩᱯᱚᱠ (metaphor)

A figure of speech that identifies one thing with another without a comparison word. The comparison is implied, so the two items are fused rather than kept separate.

ᱪᱮᱛᱱᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ (personification)

A figure of speech giving human qualities, actions, or speech to a non-human thing such as a river, tree, or season. It differs from apostrophe, which addresses rather than animates.

ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤ (alliteration)

Repetition of the same initial consonant sound in several nearby words. It is identified by sound, not spelling, so silent letters and differing vowels do not break it.

ᱡᱷᱚᱸᱠᱟᱨ (onomatopoeia)

A word formed to imitate the sound of the thing it names, such as a bird's call or a drumbeat. It is recognised by its sound-imitating quality rather than by meaning alone.

ᱵᱤᱨᱳᱫᱷᱟᱵᱷᱟᱥ (oxymoron)

A phrase joining two contradictory words, such as a sweet sorrow. It differs from irony, which contradicts the intended meaning across a whole statement rather than within a phrase.

ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱨᱮᱱ (refrain)

A line or group of lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of stanzas. It typically carries the poem's theme and reinforces its emotional key.

ᱠᱚᱵᱤᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱲᱤᱡ

The speaker of a poem, the voice uttering the lines. This voice may differ from the poet's own views, so questions about attitude should be answered from the text alone.

ᱢᱩᱬ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽ

The dominant emotion or mood of a poem, such as sorrow, hope, protest, or patriotic feeling. Identifying it first guides the interpretation of imagery and tone questions.

ᱯᱚᱫ (stanza)

A grouped set of lines in a poem separated from other groups by a space. Counting stanzas and lines per stanza answers most structural questions about form.

ᱚᱞᱚᱝᱠᱟᱨ (figure of speech)

A deliberate deviation from plain statement used for effect, such as simile, metaphor, or personification. Identification requires naming both the device and the words that create it.

ᱟᱹᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ

A formal application letter. It follows the standard layout of address, date, subject, salutation, body, and signature, and uses a polite, impersonal register throughout.

ᱱᱚᱴᱤᱥ (notice)

A short public announcement covering what, when, where, who, and whom to contact. It has no salutation or signature block and is written in brief impersonal lines.

ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ (idiom)

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words. It must be learned and used as one unit, and its meaning is tested in context, not by literal translation.

ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ

The closing paragraph of an essay, restating the writer's stand and drawing the arguments together. It introduces no new argument and repeats no example verbatim.

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ

The opening paragraph of an essay, defining the topic and stating the writer's position. It sets the scope for the body and should not begin with a dictionary-style definition alone.

ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ

A letter of thanks. It names the specific help received, states gratitude clearly, and closes politely; the layout matches a formal letter but the tone is warmer.

ᱯᱚᱨᱛᱤᱥᱚᱵᱽᱫᱚ (synonym)

A word close in meaning to another. In test items the correct synonym must also fit the same grammatical slot, since a noun cannot substitute for a verb or adjective.

ᱵᱤᱯᱚᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱚᱵᱽᱫᱚ (antonym)

A word opposite in meaning to another. Antonym items often use negative prefixes or paired opposites of size, difficulty, or time, so check the direction of the opposition.

ᱯᱚᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ (word usage)

The correct placement of a word in a sentence, including the postposition it requires. An option whose sentence demands a different postposition is wrong even if the meaning fits.

ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱤᱝ (scanning)

Rapid reading that moves the eye over a text looking only for a specific word or fact. It replaces full reading when a question names a keyword to locate.

ᱚᱱᱩᱪᱷᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ

The author's purpose behind a prose lesson, such as informing, persuading, or teaching a moral. It is stated as an abstract aim, not as a summary of the events narrated.