Bihar STET Paper 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Stage from about 7 to 11 years when children master conservation, classification and seriation, but still reason mainly about concrete objects rather than abstract hypotheses.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult.

Scaffolding

Temporary structured support given by a teacher or peer that is gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence, allowing independent performance.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during teaching to diagnose learning gaps and give feedback, used to adjust instruction rather than to assign final grades.

Intrinsic motivation

Drive to learn arising from internal interest, curiosity or satisfaction rather than external rewards such as marks, prizes or fear of punishment.

Dyscalculia

A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic fact retrieval and calculation, occurring despite adequate intelligence and instruction.

Kohlberg's conventional level

Second level of moral reasoning where right and wrong are judged by social approval, maintaining relationships and obeying laws and authority.

Language acquisition device

Chomsky's hypothesized innate mental capacity enabling children to acquire grammar from limited input by extracting universal grammatical rules.

Affective filter hypothesis

Krashen's claim that anxiety, low motivation and low self-confidence raise an emotional barrier that reduces the language input a learner can absorb.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for general gist or main idea; scanning is rapid search through text to locate a specific fact or detail.

Communicative Language Teaching

Approach emphasizing real communication, fluency and authentic tasks, with grammar taught in service of meaningful use rather than as isolated rules.

Inflectional morpheme

A bound morpheme that changes grammatical form without changing word class, such as plural -s, past -ed, or comparative -er.

Alliteration

A figure of speech in which nearby words begin with the same consonant sound, as in 'silent silver stream', used for rhythm and emphasis.

Interlanguage error

A systematic deviation reflecting the learner's current incomplete rule system, distinct from a random slip the learner can self-correct.

Passive voice formation

Transform by making the object the subject, using be plus past participle, and marking the agent with 'by'; only transitive verbs allow it.

Third conditional

Structure 'If + had + past participle, would have + past participle', expressing an unreal past condition and its imagined result.

Reported speech tense shift

When the reporting verb is past, the reported verb usually shifts one step back in tense, except for universal truths and habitual facts.

Homophone

A word that sounds the same as another but differs in spelling or meaning, for example 'their', 'there' and 'they're'.

Subject-verb agreement

Rule that a verb agrees in number and person with its subject; each, every, either and neither take singular verbs.

Quadratic discriminant

The expression b squared minus 4ac; positive gives two real roots, zero gives equal roots, negative gives no real roots.

Pythagoras theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides; triples include 3-4-5.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference across it at constant temperature, expressed as V equals IR.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals mass times acceleration; force and acceleration are in the same direction and proportional to each other.

Photosynthesis equation

Six carbon dioxide plus six water plus light energy yields glucose plus six oxygen, occurring in chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.

Neutralization reaction

Reaction between an acid and a base producing salt and water, moving pH toward 7; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Average speed

Total distance travelled divided by total time taken, which differs from the arithmetic mean of the separate speeds on a journey.

Harappan drainage system

Covered street drains with inspection holes and house connections, evidence of advanced urban planning in Indus Valley cities.

Ashoka's dhamma

Set of moral principles promoted through edicts after the Kalinga war, emphasizing tolerance, non-violence and welfare rather than ritual sacrifice.

Dandi March

Gandhi's 1930 march to make salt in defiance of the salt law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement against British rule.

Concurrent List

List of subjects in the Indian Constitution on which both Parliament and state legislatures can legislate, including education and forests.

Tropic of Cancer in India

Latitude 23.5 degrees north, passing through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Six-level hierarchy of objectives: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create, used to frame learning outcomes and question difficulty.