Hindi language and comprehension
Hindi language and comprehension in BPSC AE tests grammar, vocabulary, sentence correction, comprehension, and idiomatic usage. The section is usually qualifying in nature, but marks still matter for rank, so accuracy in sandhi, samas, and muhavare is useful.
Core rules and concepts
- संधि: स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि. Example: सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि); विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि).
- समास: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव. राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र (षष्ठी तत्पुरुष).
- उपसर्ग and प्रत्यय change meaning; identify the root before choosing.
- मुहावरे and लोकोक्तियाँ are figurative; do not interpret literally.
- Comprehension: locate the main idea, then verify each option against the passage; avoid outside knowledge.
Worked example
Identify the sandhi in सूर्योदय. Split: सूर्य + उदय. The final अ of सूर्य combines with उ of उदय to form ओ; this is गुण संधि. The reasoning is to split first, identify the vowel combination, then name the sandhi. For विद्यालय, आ + आ gives आ, so it is दीर्घ संधि.
Traps
Confusing गुण and वृद्धि संधि; treating तत्सम and तद्भव words as synonyms; choosing a literal meaning for an idiom; and answering comprehension questions from memory rather than the passage. In sentence correction, check लिंग, वचन, कारक, and क्रिया agreement.