Odisha BSE HSC Social Science cheat sheet

Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay; first session president was W.C. Bonnerjee and the first meeting had 72 delegates.

Partition of Bengal was announced in 1905 by Lord Curzon; it was annulled in 1911, and the Swadeshi Movement (1905) grew out of the anti-partition agitation.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar under General Dyer; it led to Rabindranath Tagore renouncing his knighthood.

Non-Cooperation Movement launched in 1920 and withdrawn in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident; Civil Disobedience began with the Dandi March on 12 March 1930.

Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 in Bombay (Gowalia Tank); the slogan 'Do or Die' is associated with it.

Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) was called the 'heart and soul' of the Constitution by Ambedkar.

Directive Principles of State Policy are in Part IV (Articles 36–51) and are non-justiciable; Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee recommendation.

Lok Sabha maximum strength is 552; Rajya Sabha maximum is 250 (238 elected + 12 nominated); a Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha with the President's recommendation.

Odisha lies between 17°49'N–22°34'N latitude and 81°27'E–87°29'E longitude; it shares borders with West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, and has a coastline on the Bay of Bengal.

Odisha's major rivers: Mahanadi (longest in the state), Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha, Budhabalanga and Rushikulya; Chilika Lake is Asia's largest brackish-water lagoon.

Similipal (Mayurbhanj), Satkosia (Mahanadi gorge) and Bhitarkanika (mangroves, crocodiles) are Odisha's notable protected areas; Deomali in Koraput is the highest peak in Odisha.

Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) passes through eight Indian states including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

India's monsoon: southwest monsoon arrives around June and gives most rainfall; the Western Ghats' windward side and the northeast get heavy rain, while Tamil Nadu's main rain comes from the retreating northeast monsoon (Oct–Dec).

Soil decision rule: black (regur) soil = cotton, retains moisture; alluvial = intensive cereals; red soil = low fertility, rich in iron; laterite = leached, good for cashew/tea with fertiliser.

National income measures: GDP = output within borders; GNP = GDP + net factor income from abroad; NNP = GNP − depreciation; per capita income = national income ÷ population.

Sector shares in India: primary (agriculture) employs the largest share of workers but contributes a smaller share of GDP than services; tertiary sector contributes the largest share of GDP.

Map rule: contour lines close together indicate a steep slope; widely spaced indicate gentle slope; hachures point downhill; a settlement symbol's size indicates population rank, not area.

Election Commission of India is a constitutional body (Article 324); it conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President - not Panchayat elections, which are conducted by State Election Commissions.

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies; 73rd mandates three-tier panchayats and one-third reservation for women.

Supreme Court: original jurisdiction in Centre–State and inter-State disputes (Article 131); writ jurisdiction under Article 32; advisory jurisdiction under Article 143.

President is elected indirectly by an electoral college (elected MPs + elected MLAs) using the single transferable vote and proportional representation; impeachment is under Article 61.

Demand curve slopes downward (inverse price–quantity relation); supply curve slopes upward. Equilibrium is where demand = supply; a price ceiling below equilibrium creates shortage.

Elasticity rule: demand is elastic when |%Δ quantity| > |%Δ price|; necessities (salt, medicine) are inelastic, luxuries are elastic.

Inflation redistributes income from creditors to debtors; it hurts fixed-income earners. Deflation raises real debt burden.

Types of unemployment: seasonal (agriculture), disguised (more workers than needed on a farm), structural (skill/technology mismatch), frictional (between jobs).

Money functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, standard of deferred payment; RBI issues currency and controls credit through repo rate, CRR and SLR.

Revolt of 1857 began at Meerut on 10 May 1857; immediate cause was the greased cartridge rumour; Mangal Pandey's action at Barrackpore preceded it in March 1857.

Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu–Chelmsford) introduced dyarchy in provinces; Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and a federal structure, and provided for an RBI.

Indian National Congress split at Surat in 1907 into Moderates and Extremists; reunited in 1916 at Lucknow, where the Congress–League Lucknow Pact was signed.

Simon Commission arrived in 1928 (all-British, no Indian member) and was boycotted; the Nehru Report (1928) proposed dominion status; Purna Swaraj was declared at Lahore session 1929.

Gandhi's major movements in order: Champaran (1917), Kheda and Ahmedabad mill strike (1918), Non-Cooperation (1920), Civil Disobedience/Dandi (1930), Quit India (1942).

Cabinet Mission (1946) proposed a three-tier federal plan; Mountbatten Plan (3 June 1947) fixed partition; Indian Independence Act passed by the British Parliament in July 1947.

Socio-religious reformers: Raja Ram Mohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj, 1828, anti-sati), Dayanand Saraswati (Arya Samaj, 1875), Vivekananda (Ramakrishna Mission, 1897), Jyotiba Phule (Satyashodhak Samaj, 1873).

Odisha formed as a separate province on 1 April 1936 by the Government of India Act 1935 provisions; it was the first Indian province created on a linguistic basis.

Newspapers and journals: Kesari (Tilak), Young India and Harijan (Gandhi), Amrita Bazar Patrika, The Hindu (1878).