Odisha BSE Madhyama English flashcards
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33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Noun
- A word that names a person, place, thing or abstract idea, such as teacher, Cuttack, book or honesty. Nouns may be proper, common, collective or abstract.
- Pronoun
- A word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition, such as he, she, it, they, who or myself. The noun it replaces is called the antecedent.
- Adjective
- A word that describes or qualifies a noun or pronoun, answering what kind, which one or how many, as in a tall tree or three books.
- Adverb
- A word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb, usually telling how, when, where or how often, as in she sang sweetly.
- Preposition
- A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another word, as in on the table, under the tree or since morning.
- Conjunction
- A word that joins words, phrases or clauses, such as and, but, or, because, although and while. Coordinating conjunctions join equals; subordinating ones join a dependent clause.
- Interjection
- A word or short phrase expressing sudden emotion, standing apart from the sentence, such as Alas!, Hurrah! or Oh no! It is usually followed by an exclamation mark.
- Declarative sentence
- A sentence that makes a statement or gives information and ends with a full stop, as in The Ganges flows east. It is the commonest sentence type in prose.
- Interrogative sentence
- A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark, as in Where do you live? It usually begins with a helping verb or a wh-word.
- Imperative sentence
- A sentence that gives a command, request or advice, with the subject you usually left unspoken, as in Close the door or Please sit down.
- Exclamatory sentence
- A sentence that expresses strong feeling such as joy, sorrow or surprise, ending with an exclamation mark, as in What a beautiful garden this is!
- Subject-verb agreement
- The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject a plural verb.
- Simple present tense
- A tense showing habitual action, general truth or a fixed arrangement, as in He walks to school daily or Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- Present continuous tense
- A tense formed with am, is or are plus the present participle, showing an action in progress now, as in She is reading a novel.
- Present perfect tense
- A tense formed with has or have plus the past participle, showing a past action with present relevance, as in I have finished my homework.
- Simple past tense
- A tense showing a completed action at a definite past time, usually with the past form of the verb, as in They visited Puri last year.
- Past continuous tense
- A tense formed with was or were plus the present participle, showing an action in progress at a past moment, as in He was writing when I called.
- Future tense
- A tense showing action yet to happen, formed with shall or will plus the base verb, as in We will meet tomorrow.
- Active voice
- A construction in which the subject performs the action of the verb, as in The boy broke the window. It is usually clearer and more direct than the passive.
- Passive voice
- A construction in which the subject receives the action, formed with a form of be plus the past participle, as in The window was broken by the boy.
- Direct speech
- The exact words of a speaker placed inside quotation marks, as in She said, I am tired. The reporting verb and the spoken words are separated by a comma.
- Indirect speech
- Reported speech that gives the sense of a speaker's words without quotation marks, as in She said that she was tired. Pronouns and tenses usually shift.
- Definite article
- The word the, used before a noun already known to the listener or unique in context, as in the sun, the book I bought or the Bay of Bengal.
- Indefinite article
- The words a and an, used before a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time; a precedes consonant sounds and an precedes vowel sounds.
- Phrase
- A group of related words without a subject and predicate that works as a single unit, such as in the morning, a very tall boy or to win the match.
- Clause
- A group of words containing a subject and a predicate. An independent clause stands alone as a sentence; a dependent clause cannot and needs a main clause.
- Simile
- A figure of speech comparing two unlike things using like or as, as in Her smile was as bright as the sun. It makes description vivid and concrete.
- Metaphor
- A figure of speech that states one thing is another without using like or as, as in Life is a journey. It implies comparison rather than stating it.
- Synonym
- A word having nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as begin and start or brave and courageous. Exact interchangeability is rare.
- Antonym
- A word opposite in meaning to another, such as hot and cold or victory and defeat. Antonyms usually share the same part of speech.
- Prefix and suffix
- A prefix is added before a root word and changes meaning, as un- in unhappy; a suffix is added after it and often changes word class, as -ness in happiness.
- Comma rules
- A comma separates items in a list, sets off a direct address or introductory phrase, and marks a pause before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses.
- Apostrophe use
- The apostrophe marks possession, as in Ram's book or the boys' hostel, and marks omitted letters in contractions, as in don't and it's. It never forms a simple plural.