Odisha BSE Madhyama Sanskruta Sahityam key terms

The phonological joining of two adjacent sounds into one form, as when a final vowel meets an initial vowel or consonant. Odisha BSE grammar questions test vowel (svara) and consonant (vyanjana) sandhi rules.

The strengthened vowel grade in which a or ā becomes a, i or ī becomes e, and u or ū becomes o. It appears when certain suffixes or sandhi contexts follow a root or stem.

The strongest vowel grade: a or ā becomes ā, i or ī becomes ai, u or ū becomes au. Used in secondary derivation (taddhita) and in many sandhi combinations.

Rules converting final -aḥ or -āḥ before voiced sounds, vowels, or consonants, often to -o, -r, or -s. A frequent item in Odisha board grammar exercises.

The full declension of a noun or pronoun through the eight cases in three numbers. Candidates are expected to recite paradigms such as rāma, nadī, latā, phala, and guru.

A case ending marking the grammatical relation of a noun to the verb, from nominative (prathamā) through vocative (sambodhana). Each has singular, dual, and plural forms.

The conjugated forms of a verbal root across tenses (present, past, future), moods, voices, and persons. Typical exam items are kṛ, gam, paṭh, and as in lat, laṭ, and liṭ.

A finite verb form carrying a personal ending (tiṅ) that agrees with its subject in person and number. Distinguished from participles and indeclinables in sentence analysis.

A word formed from a verbal root by a primary suffix, such as kṛta participles and infinitives. These retain verbal meaning while functioning as nouns or adjectives.

A secondary suffix added to a noun or adjective to form a derived word, such as a patronymic or an abstract noun. Often triggers vriddhi of the base vowel.

A compound in which two or more words combine into a single inflected unit. Odisha BSE asks candidates to name the type, such as tatpurusha, dvandva, bahuvrihi, or avyayibhava.

A compound whose whole denotes something possessing the compound's parts, as in 'having a fair complexion'. It functions as an adjective rather than as a noun naming the parts.

A copulative compound joining words of equal rank, such as 'Rama and Lakshmana'. The final member usually takes the case ending of the whole compound.

Sanskrit prose, the medium of the prescribed prose passages. Comprehension questions test paraphrase, identification of characters, and explanation of difficult compounds.

The prose order of words that makes a verse or passage intelligible, rearranging the text into subject-verb sequence. A standard exercise in prose and verse comprehension.

Sanskrit verse, the medium of prescribed kavyas. Candidates identify meters, figures of speech, and the meaning of individual stanzas.

A poetic figure that ornaments meaning or sound, such as upama (simile) or rupaka (metaphor). Exam questions ask candidates to name and justify the figure in a verse.

Simile: a comparison between two unlike things using words such as iva or yathā, where a shared quality is stated. The four components are subject, standard, common attribute, and comparator.

Metaphor: identification of one thing with another without a word of comparison, as when a king is called a lion. Distinguished from simile because the comparison is implied, not stated.

Metrical science governing syllable count, weight, and pause in verse. Candidates scan prescribed stanzas and identify meters such as anushtubh, indravajra, or vasantatilaka.

A metrical foot of three syllables classified by light (laghu) and heavy (guru) weight, giving eight patterns from ya to ga. These build the classical Sanskrit meters.

A light metrical syllable, counted as one unit and marked with a short vowel followed by a single consonant. Its opposite, guru, counts as two.

Sanskrit drama, the medium of prescribed plays. Questions cover plot structure (sandhi), character types, and the dramatic conventions of the classical stage.

The principal type of Sanskrit drama, typically in five to seven acts with a heroic or romantic plot drawn from epic or legend. Prescribed plays are usually natakas.

The hero of a Sanskrit play, classified by qualities such as noble, proud, or calm. His conduct and relationships drive the dramatic conflict.

Composition: the section requiring candidates to write original Sanskrit sentences, expand a theme, or apply grammar correctly. Marks are awarded for accuracy of inflection and sandhi.

Translation, usually from Odia or English into Sanskrit and back. Candidates must choose correct case endings, tense, and word order rather than translate word for word.

The history of Sanskrit literature: chronological periods, major authors, and their works. Questions ask for author-work matching and the place of a text in literary history.

A literary poem or ornate composition, divided into drishya (drama) and shravya (poetry). Prescribed kavyas are studied for plot, style, and figures of speech.

The oldest Sanskrit corpus, comprising Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva collections with their ritual and interpretive appendices. Vedic study underlies culture questions on this paper.

Philosophical texts appended to the Vedas that teach the nature of the self (atman) and ultimate reality (brahman). Prescribed passages are read for doctrine and ethical teaching.

A sacred Vedic formula or hymn verse recited in ritual and meditation. Candidates explain its meaning and context within a prescribed passage.

The classical Indian medical system, with texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Questions may cover the three doshas and the place of medical literature in Sanskrit science.

Indian astronomy and astrology, including calendrical calculation and horoscopy. Relevant questions identify its principal texts and its status as a Vedanga.

The six auxiliary disciplines supporting Vedic study: phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, ritual, and astronomy. Each is tested as part of the cultural and literary background.

Sanskrit grammar as a systematized discipline, culminating in Panini's Ashtadhyayi. The paper's grammar section applies its rules to sandhi, declension, and conjugation.