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BSEB Inter Yoga & PE study materials
BSEB Inter Yoga & PE study resources

BSEB Inter Yoga & PE: Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

BSEB Inter Yoga & PE · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.

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Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise Physiology

What this domain tests

Skeletal and joint classification, muscle types and contraction, cardiorespiratory variables, acute responses versus chronic adaptations, and the three energy systems with their durations.

Structural facts

  • Skeleton: 206 bones in an adult (about 300 at birth, some fuse). Axial 80, appendicular 126. Functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood-cell formation.
  • Joints: fibrous (immovable, sutures), cartilaginous (slightly movable, vertebrae), synovial (freely movable - hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, gliding, saddle, condyloid).
  • Muscle: skeletal (striated, voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (striated, involuntary). Sliding-filament theory: actin and myosin, calcium and ATP. Fibre types: Type I slow oxidative (endurance), Type IIa fast oxidative-glycolytic, Type IIx fast glycolytic (power).
  • Cardiovascular: resting heart rate about 72 bpm, stroke volume about 70 mL, cardiac output about 5 L/min, blood pressure about 120/80 mmHg.
  • Respiratory: tidal volume 500 mL; vital capacity about 4.8 L in males; VO2max is the best index of aerobic power.

Exercise physiology

  • Acute responses: raised heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, ventilation and body temperature; lactic acid accumulation; blood redirected to working muscle.
  • Chronic adaptations: resting bradycardia, larger stroke volume and cardiac output, greater capillary and mitochondrial density, improved lactate threshold.
  • Energy systems: ATP-CP (phosphagen) about 0–10 s, maximal, no oxygen; anaerobic glycolysis about 10 s–2 min, produces lactate; aerobic beyond 2 min, mitochondrial, about 38 ATP per glucose against 2 from glycolysis.
  • EPOC: excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, formerly "oxygen debt".

Worked example

Classify events. A 100 m sprint (~10 s) is ATP-CP dominant with some anaerobic glycolysis; a 400 m is anaerobic-glycolysis dominant; a marathon is aerobic. The reasoning rests entirely on duration and oxygen availability, so state both in the answer.

Traps

Equating cardiac output with stroke volume; stating 206 bones at birth; saying aerobic metabolism produces lactate; confusing VO2max with vital capacity.