Health Education, First Aid, Nutrition and Safety
What this domain tests
Health-education aims and methods, emergency management sequences, nutrient energy values and deficiency diseases, and facility safety. First-aid sequencing questions are the highest-yield.
Health education
Definition: planned learning that helps people make informed decisions about health. Aims: awareness, knowledge, attitude and behaviour change, self-reliance. Principles: interest, participation, comprehension, reinforcement, motivation, known-to-unknown, learning by doing. Methods: lecture, demonstration, discussion, role-play, projects, mass media, exhibitions.
First aid
Immediate, temporary care before professional help arrives; aims are to preserve life, prevent deterioration and promote recovery.
- DRABC: danger, response, airway, breathing, circulation. Recovery position for an unconscious but breathing casualty.
- CPR: 30 compressions to 2 breaths, 100–120 per minute, depth 5–6 cm; 15:2 for a child with two rescuers.
- Bleeding: direct pressure, elevate, pressure bandage; never remove an embedded object.
- Sprain or strain: RICE - rest, ice 15–20 minutes (never directly on skin), compression, elevation, for 24–48 hours; no heat or massage in that window.
- Burns: cool running water for 20 minutes, cover; no ice, toothpaste or blister-bursting.
- Fracture: immobilise and support; do not realign.
- Heat stroke: core above 40 °C, hot dry skin, confusion - emergency cooling.
- Snake bite: immobilise, keep below heart level, no cutting, sucking or tourniquet.
Nutrition
Carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, plus vitamins, minerals and water. Carbohydrate loading before endurance events; protein roughly 1.2–2.0 g/kg for athletes; fluids before, during and after. Deficiency diseases: kwashiorkor, marasmus, beri-beri, scurvy, rickets, anaemia, goitre.
Safety
Facility inspection, equipment checks, supervision, rule enforcement, progressive warm-up and a written emergency action plan.
Worked example
A footballer rolls his ankle ten minutes ago; it is swollen but he can bear weight. Manage with RICE, withhold heat and massage for 48 hours, and refer if weight-bearing fails. The reasoning is the acute inflammatory window.
Traps
Ice applied directly to skin; heat on a fresh injury; confusing 30:2 with 15:2; giving fat 4 kcal/g.