BSEB Matric Arabic (Optional) study materials
BSEB Matric Arabic (Optional) study resources

BSEB Matric Arabic (Optional): Applied Grammar: Nahw and Sarf

BSEB Matric Arabic (Optional) · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.

All guide sections

Applied Grammar: Nahw and Sarf

Nahw: sentence architecture

Nahw is tested through إعراب, sentence type and function. In a جملة اسمية, المبتدأ is مرفوع and الخبر agrees in gender and number; non-human plurals take feminine singular agreement. In a جملة فعلية, الفاعل is مرفوع and المفعول به is منصوب. جر is caused by حرف جر or إضافة: المضاف إليه is always مجرور and the مضاف loses tanwin and ال. كان makes its اسم مرفوع and خبر منصوب; إنّ does the reverse. Adjectives (نعت) follow their noun in case, gender, definiteness.

Sarf: root and pattern

Sarf tests the verb and derived noun system. Identify the root, then the وزن. كتب / يكتب / اكتب / كتابة / كاتب / مكتوب show past, present, imperative, masdar, active participle and passive participle. Weak verbs (مثال، أجوف، ناقص) change internally; do not apply the sound-verb pattern blindly. Transitive verbs take an object; intransitive ones do not.

Worked example

Analyse: كتب الطالب الدرس في الدفتر.

  • كتب: فعل ماضٍ مبني على الفتح.
  • الطالب: فاعل مرفوع بالضمة.
  • الدرس: مفعول به منصوب بالفتحة.
  • في الدفتر: جار ومجرور, related to the verb. To conjugate كتب in the present: يكتب; imperative: اكتب; masdar: كتابة. Reasoning: the root is ك-ت-ب, the present pattern is يَفْعُل, and the imperative drops the prefix and takes hamzat wasl.

Traps

Do not put a فاعل in جر after a preposition. Do not make a غير عاقل plural agree as masculine plural. Do not write المضاف with ال or tanwin. Do not ignore إنّ and كان when deciding case. In sarf, do not invent a masdar from the English noun; learn the listed pattern.