Translation and Composition
Translation and composition carries the writing marks: rendering short sentences between Persian and Hindi/Urdu/English, and producing a connected paragraph on a familiar topic.
Translation procedure
- Read the whole Persian sentence and find the verb - it sits last and fixes the tense.
- Note را (definite object), ezafe chains and prepositions (به، از، در، با، برای).
- Rebuild in the target language: Hindi and Urdu keep SOV, English needs SVO, so subject and object often reverse.
- Translate idioms by sense; render compound verbs as a single verb in the target language.
- Persian has no definite article, so choose 'the' or 'a' from context, then check agreement.
Worked example
Persian: «من هر روز صبح به کتابخانه میروم و دو ساعت درس میخوانم.»
- Verbs: میروم (present, 1st singular) and میخوانم, joined by و.
- هر روز صبح = every morning; به کتابخانه = to the library; دو ساعت = for two hours.
- English: 'Every morning I go to the library and study for two hours.' Hindi/Urdu keep Persian order and mark duration with the oblique form rather than a preposition.
Paragraph writing
Plan five or six sentences: topic sentence, two supporting details, one example, closing sentence. Use connectives - اول، سپس، همچنین، اما، بنابراین، در پایان - and keep person and tense steady.
Traps that cost marks
Word-for-word rendering that breaks English grammar; missing a negative نه or the prefix نـ; translating میـ as 'am/is' instead of a habitual present; writing a paragraph with no topic sentence or shifting tense midway.