BSEH Secondary Social Science flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution declaring liberty, equality before the law, and sovereignty of the people; it inspired nationalist and democratic movements worldwide.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed gathering at Amritsar protesting the Rowlatt Act, killing hundreds and hardening Indian nationalist sentiment.

Dandi March

Gandhi's 1930 march from Sabarmati to Dandi to make salt and defy the salt law; it launched the Civil Disobedience Movement against British rule.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 German laws that stripped Jewish people of citizenship and banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews, marking a step toward Nazi persecution.

Great Depression

Worldwide economic slump that began with the 1929 Wall Street Crash; it cut demand, lowered farm prices, and deepened rural debt in colonial India.

Print culture

The spread of printed books, newspapers and pamphlets after Gutenberg's press; cheap print spread reform and nationalist ideas to wider Indian readers.

Regur soil

Black cotton soil formed from Deccan lava; it retains moisture well, is rich in iron and lime, and is suited to cotton cultivation in Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Laterite soil

Soil formed in areas of heavy rainfall where leaching removes silica; it is acidic and low in fertility, found in Kerala, Karnataka and parts of the northeast.

Rabi season

Winter cropping season sown around October-December and harvested in spring; main rabi crops are wheat, gram, mustard and barley.

Multi-purpose project

River valley scheme providing irrigation, hydropower, flood control and drinking water; examples include Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud, though they cause displacement and silting.

Magnetite ore

Iron ore with the highest iron content (about 70 per cent), black in colour and highly magnetic; found in parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand.

Non-conventional energy

Renewable sources such as solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and biogas; they are replenished naturally and reduce dependence on coal and petroleum.

Federalism

System where power is shared between a central government and constituent states, each with constitutionally defined powers and an independent judiciary.

Concurrent List

List in the Seventh Schedule on which both Union and State legislatures can make laws; in conflict, the Union law prevails.

Anti-defection law

Constitutional provision allowing disqualification of an elected member who leaves the party or defies its whip, aimed at reducing floor-crossing in legislatures.

Basic structure doctrine

Supreme Court principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution's fundamental features, such as secularism and judicial review, laid down in 1973.

National party status

A party recognised nationally if it wins at least 6 per cent of votes in four states plus four Lok Sabha seats, or a set share of seats.

73rd Amendment

1992 constitutional amendment making panchayats elected, three-tier bodies with reserved seats for women and marginalised groups; it deepened rural decentralisation.

GDP

Gross Domestic Product is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year; it excludes unpaid household work.

Human Development Index

Composite measure combining life expectancy, education and per capita income to compare development across countries more fully than income alone.

Disguised unemployment

Situation where more workers are engaged than needed, so removing some would not reduce output; common in family farms in India.

Double coincidence of wants

Condition where two people each want exactly what the other has; money removes this need by acting as a medium of exchange.

Formal credit

Loans from banks, cooperatives and registered institutions at regulated interest rates, supervised by the Reserve Bank of India; safer than informal borrowing.

Consumer rights

Entitlements including safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal and consumer education, protected in India by consumer protection law.

Disaster risk formula

Risk equals hazard multiplied by vulnerability divided by capacity; reducing exposure or raising preparedness lowers the chance of a disaster.

Disaster management cycle

Sequence of mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery that guides planning before, during and after a hazard event.

Map scale

Ratio between distance on a map and actual ground distance; a scale of 1 cm to 10 km means 1 cm on the map represents 10 km on the ground.

Standard meridian of India

82°30'E longitude, chosen to set Indian Standard Time, which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of UTC and applies across the whole country.

Damodar valley coalfields

Coal belt in Jharkhand and West Bengal containing Jharia and Raniganj; it is one of India's oldest and most important coal-producing regions.

Nathu La pass

Mountain pass in Sikkim on the India-China border; it connects the two countries and has historical importance for trade and movement.

Primary source

Original material produced at the time of an event, such as official records, letters, newspapers or photographs, used as direct evidence by historians.

Percentage change formula

Percentage change equals (new value minus old value) divided by old value, multiplied by 100; it shows relative rather than absolute change.