BSF HC RO/RM key terms

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind, written as a:b, showing how many times one value contains the other. Ratios can be simplified like fractions and used to divide amounts in given proportions.

A statement that two ratios are equal, such as a:b = c:d. In a proportion the product of the outer (extreme) terms equals the product of the inner (mean) terms, allowing an unknown value to be found.

A technique for solving problems by first finding the value of one unit and then multiplying to get the required quantity. It is widely used for work, speed, and price problems in elementary arithmetic.

A fraction expressed as a part of one hundred, denoted by the % sign. Converting between fractions, decimals, and percentages is a core skill for profit, loss, interest, and data interpretation questions.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula SI = P x R x T / 100, where P is principal, R the annual rate percent, and T the time in years. It does not compound.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows each period. The amount is found using A = P(1 + R/100)^T, and interest is A minus P.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, also called the arithmetic mean. It is used to compare groups and to solve problems involving replacement, age, and speed.

The lowest common multiple is the smallest number divisible by each given number, while the highest common factor is the largest number dividing each exactly. Their product equals the product of the two numbers.

A form of logical reasoning where two or more premises are given and a conclusion must be judged as definitely true, possibly true, or not follow, using standard statements such as All, Some, and No.

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between one pair of items and apply the same relationship to a second, incomplete pair, often using letters, numbers, or words.

A reasoning task in which several items share a common property and one item does not, and the candidate must identify the item that differs from the rest according to that rule.

A reasoning problem presenting a sequence of numbers, letters, or symbols following a hidden pattern, where the candidate must determine the next or missing element by identifying the rule.

A reasoning topic where words or letters are converted into a code by a fixed rule, and the candidate must either decode a given code or apply the same rule to encode a new word.

Reasoning questions based on family relationships described in statements or a diagram, requiring the candidate to work out how two people are related, often using symbols for parents, siblings, and children.

A reasoning topic involving a person moving in different directions, where the candidate must track the final position or facing direction and sometimes compute the straight-line distance using the Pythagorean relationship.

A reasoning format giving a short statement followed by conclusions, where the candidate decides which conclusions logically follow from the statement alone, without adding outside knowledge or assumptions.

Basic rights guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom of speech, and protection of life. They are enforceable in court through writs.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct the state toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and lawmaking.

The introductory statement of the Indian Constitution declaring the source of authority as the people and listing the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity that guide the document.

The system of local self-government in rural India established by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, with three tiers: village panchayat, block panchayat samiti, and district zila parishad.

The supreme legislative body of India, consisting of the President, the Rajya Sabha, and the Lok Sabha. It makes laws, controls finances, and holds the executive accountable.

A seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India, most notably the southwest monsoon from June to September, which is vital for agriculture and water resources.

The latitude about 23.5 degrees north of the equator that passes through India, dividing the country into tropical and subtropical zones and influencing its climate and cropping patterns.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context. Synonym questions test vocabulary range and the ability to choose the closest equivalent among options.

A word that expresses the opposite meaning of another word. Antonym questions require selecting the option with the most directly contrasting sense in the given context.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from the individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag'. Idiom questions ask for the correct figurative meaning.

Two ways of presenting a sentence: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the receiver the subject, usually with a form of 'be' and a past participle.

Ways of reporting what someone said: direct speech quotes the exact words in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports them without quotes, shifting pronouns, tenses, and time words accordingly.

दो वर्णों या शब्दों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिंदी व्याकरण में संधि विच्छेद करना और संधि के भेद पहचानना महत्वपूर्ण कौशल है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। समास के भेद और समास-विग्रह करना हिंदी व्याकरण का प्रमुख प्रश्न-क्षेत्र है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है, जैसे 'अनु' + 'शासन' = अनुशासन। उपसर्ग पहचानना शब्द-रचना का आधार है।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया अर्थ या व्याकरणिक रूप बनाता है, जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन। प्रत्यय से बने शब्दों की पहचान हिंदी में आवश्यक है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न होता है, जैसे 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना है। मुहावरों का अर्थ और प्रयोग समझना हिंदी प्रश्नपत्र का सामान्य भाग है।

किसी लोक-अनुभव पर आधारित पूर्ण वाक्य जो उपदेश या सत्य व्यक्त करता है, जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। लोकोक्ति का अर्थ और उसका सही प्रयोग पहचानना आवश्यक है।

The number of complete cycles of a wave or signal occurring in one second, measured in hertz (Hz). Frequency determines a radio signal's position in the spectrum and its channel spacing.

The physical distance between two successive identical points of a wave, such as crest to crest. It equals the speed of light divided by frequency, so higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths.

The process of varying a carrier wave's amplitude, frequency, or phase to carry information such as voice or data. Amplitude and frequency modulation are the two most common analog types.

A high-frequency continuous wave that is modulated with the information signal and transmitted through the antenna. It does not itself carry intelligence until modulation is applied to it.

A conducting structure that radiates or receives electromagnetic waves, converting electrical signals into radio waves and vice versa. Its length and design are tuned to the operating frequency.

The range of frequencies a signal occupies or a channel can carry, measured in hertz. Wider bandwidth allows more information but uses more spectrum, so licences specify permitted limits.

A unique numerical label assigned to a device on a network so data can be routed to it. IPv4 uses four 8-bit octets, while IPv6 uses a much longer hexadecimal address.

A 32-bit number that separates the network portion of an IPv4 address from the host portion, allowing devices to decide whether a destination is on the local network or must be routed elsewhere.

The Domain Name System translates human-readable names into IP addresses so browsers and applications can reach servers. It works like a distributed directory and is essential for normal internet use.

A networking device that forwards data packets between different networks, choosing paths using IP addresses and routing tables. It connects a local network to the internet or to other subnetworks.

A seven-layer reference model describing network communication from physical transmission up to applications. Layers include physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application, each with defined functions.

The core protocol suite of the internet, in which TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery and IP handles addressing and routing. It is the practical model underlying most modern networking.