BVP CET flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Time of flight of projectile

For a projectile launched at speed u and angle θ on level ground, the total time in the air is t = 2u sinθ/g, independent of the horizontal velocity component.

Centripetal force formula

A body moving in a circle of radius r at speed v needs a net inward force F = mv²/r. This force is provided by tension, gravity, friction or normal reaction, not by an extra outward force.

Work-energy theorem

The net work done by all forces on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy. This holds even when friction acts, because friction work is included in the net work.

Simple pendulum period

For small oscillations, a simple pendulum of length L has period T = 2π√(L/g). The period is independent of the bob mass and of amplitude when the amplitude is small.

Photoelectric threshold frequency

Emission of electrons from a metal requires light of frequency at least ν₀ = φ/h, where φ is the work function. Below this frequency, no emission occurs however intense the light.

Snell's law

At a refracting interface, n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r, where i and r are measured from the normal. Light bends toward the normal when entering a denser medium.

Molarity definition

Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution, M = n/V. It changes with temperature because solution volume expands, unlike molality.

Le Chatelier pressure rule

Increasing pressure on a gaseous equilibrium shifts it toward the side with fewer moles of gas. If both sides have equal gas moles, pressure change does not shift the position.

Buffer pH equation

For an acidic buffer, pH = pK_a + log([salt]/[acid]), the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. A buffer works best when the acid and salt concentrations are comparable.

Hybridisation from steric number

Steric number counts bonded atoms plus lone pairs on the central atom: 2 gives sp, 3 gives sp², 4 gives sp³, 5 gives sp³d and 6 gives sp³d² geometry.

Hückel aromaticity rule

A cyclic, planar, fully conjugated system with 4n + 2 π electrons is aromatic and unusually stable. The same geometry with 4n π electrons is antiaromatic and destabilised.

SN1 versus SN2

SN1 is two-step via a carbocation, favoured by tertiary substrates and polar protic solvents, giving racemisation. SN2 is one-step backside attack, favoured by primary substrates and polar aprotic solvents.

Faraday and cell EMF

The relation ΔG° = −nFE°_cell links free-energy change to cell potential, with n the electrons transferred and F about 96500 C/mol. A positive E°_cell means a spontaneous reaction.

Quadratic discriminant meaning

For ax² + bx + c = 0, D = b² − 4ac. D > 0 gives two distinct real roots, D = 0 gives equal real roots, and D < 0 gives a conjugate pair of complex roots.

L'Hôpital's rule condition

L'Hôpital's rule applies only to limits of the form 0/0 or ∞/∞. Differentiate numerator and denominator separately and take the limit of the resulting ratio.

Chain rule for derivatives

For a composite y = f(g(x)), dy/dx = f′(g(x))·g′(x). The outer derivative is evaluated at the inner function and multiplied by the inner derivative.

Definite integral reflection property

For an integrable f, ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(a + b − x) dx. This symmetry often simplifies integrals of trigonometric or rational functions over symmetric limits.

Perpendicular line slopes

Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular exactly when the product of their slopes is −1, that is m₁m₂ = −1. A horizontal line is perpendicular to a vertical line.

Parabola focus and directrix

The parabola y² = 4ax has focus at (a, 0) and directrix x = −a. Every point on it is equidistant from the focus and the directrix.

Ellipse eccentricity

For x²/a² + y²/b² = 1 with a > b, eccentricity e = √(1 − b²/a²). It lies between 0 and 1; e = 0 corresponds to a circle.

Conditional probability formula

P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B), defined when P(B) > 0. It gives the probability of A given that B has occurred, and underlies Bayes' theorem.

Binomial general term

In the expansion of (x + y)ⁿ, the term with y^r is T_(r+1) = C(n, r)·xⁿ⁻ʳ·yʳ. Setting the power of x to a target value locates a specific term.

Dot and cross product

The dot product a·b = |a||b|cosθ is zero for perpendicular vectors. The cross product magnitude |a||b|sinθ equals the area of the parallelogram spanned by a and b.

Stages of mitosis order

Mitosis proceeds prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Chromosomes condense in prophase, align at the metaphase plate, separate in anaphase, and nuclei reform in telophase.

S phase of interphase

During S phase the cell replicates its DNA, doubling the chromatin content. This is followed by G2, where the cell prepares for division, before mitosis begins.

Light reactions products

In the thylakoid membranes, light-driven electron transport produces ATP and NADPH and splits water, releasing O₂. These products power carbon fixation in the stroma.

Calvin cycle carbon fixation

In the stroma, RuBisCO fixes CO₂ onto RuBP. Using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, the cycle produces sugar and regenerates RuBP.

Dihybrid F2 ratio

For two independently assorting gene pairs, the F2 phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. Deviations indicate linkage or epistasis rather than independent assortment.

DNA base pairing

Adenine pairs with thymine using two hydrogen bonds; guanine pairs with cytosine using three. The two strands are antiparallel and replication is semi-conservative.

Pulmonary circulation route

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns through pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then the left ventricle.

Action potential ions

Depolarisation results from rapid Na⁺ influx through voltage-gated channels. Repolarisation follows as K⁺ channels open and K⁺ leaves the cell, restoring the negative resting potential.

ADH and water reabsorption

Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting duct, so more water is reabsorbed and urine becomes concentrated. Low ADH produces large dilute urine.

Ten percent energy rule

In a food chain, roughly 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next. The rest is lost mainly as heat through respiration and excretion.